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Fundao Oswaldo Cruz. Catal. As a consequence, there is an intrinsic, limiting molar mass for each polymer below which further chain scissions are unlikely to occur. The South was the last region to be severely hit by COVID-19 in 2020 (ref. 2 0 obj Among males, two states, Amazonas and Par, both in the North region, lost all that was gained over 2 decades (Fig. All the adhesives synthesized from PAAP&G fall within quadrant 3 and the central region (Fig. Manaus, the capital of Amazonas, observed a very high attack rate after the first wave of the pandemic in 2020 (ref. are employees at P&G. First, we estimate that COVID-19 deaths in the first 4 months of 2021 have already reduced e0 by 1.8 years, and the ultimate effect on 2021 e0 will be even greater. Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA, Marcia C. Castro,Susie Gurzenda&Sun Kim, Demography Department, Cedeplar, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Office of Population Research and Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA, You can also search for this author in Clean. Google Scholar. As of 23 May 2021, P.1 was the most prevalent strain in the country (92% of the samples analyzed)25. Blackwhite risk differentials in COVID-19 (SARS-COV2) transmission, mortality and case fatality in the United States: translational epidemiologic perspective and challenges. Preprint at medRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.02.21252772 (2021). % We offer five reasons as to why. Phillips, T. Brazil begins parliamentary inquiry into Bolsonaros Covid response. Lines represent changes for Brazil. In Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2003). On the final day of the Team Girls Cup, I went for a morning trip to Surfers Paradise for a swim and quality time with the family. CAS M.C.C. endobj Clin. Strong business development professional with a PhD focused in Teaching Engineering with Games from Universidade de So Paulo. B 121, 36263635 (2017). 276, 123350 (2020). For each state and sex, we calculated the difference between the two life tables to estimate reductions in e0 and e65 due to COVID-19 (Supplementary Tables 1 and 2). 75, 337345 (2002). Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Nature Medicine (Nat Med) State-level gains in longevity achieved over years or even decades were reversed by the pandemic. U.S. Patent 2,917,538 (December 15, 1959). Correspondence to Lancet 397, 220232 (2021). LIFE-2022-SAP-NAT-NATURE Gamta ir biologin vairov (angl. Publishers note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The consequences, sadly and unacceptably, will continue to be measured in human lives lost, and the future demographic consequences might be even worse than those reported here. Philos. . Excess mortality in Brazil: a detailed description of trends in mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic. Surprisingly, even when excess H2O was intentionally added (3 equiv), high conversions were still observed (Supplementary Information pgs S15S16). Hayes, R. L., Armacost, K. A., Vilseck, J. Lancet 396, 365366 (2020). Natl Acad. Ranzani, O. T. et al. U.S. Patent Application 2021/0054248 A1 (Februrary 25, 2021). Diabetes Res. Following multiple decrement life table methods previously used to measure the effect of COVID-19 on life expectancy8,16,17, we calculated two additional sets of estimates of life expectancy decline: (1) the difference between 2020 life expectancy estimated above and a scenario in which COVID-19 mortality has been eliminated from 2020 (DT20; Supplementary Tables 3 and 4 and Methods); and (2) the difference between 2019 life expectancy estimated from 2019 death records and a scenario in which 2019 all-cause mortality has been inflated to include COVID-19 mortality (DT19; Supplementary Tables 5 and 6 and Methods). For example, high degrees of esterification were observed via 1H NMR spectroscopy when using only 5 equiv. First reported cases of SARS-CoV-2 sub-lineage B.1.617.2 in Brazil: an outbreak in a ship and alert for spread. Barbosa, R. J., Souza, P. H. G. F. & Soares, S. S. D. Distribuio de Renda nos Anos 2010: uma dcada perdida para desigualdade e pobreza. Preprint at https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.26.21252554v1 (2021). We approximated the population at risk in 2021 by interpolating IBGE population projections to the mid-analysis period (1 March 2021). To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Percentage loss due to COVID-19 mortality relative to increases in female and male e0 (a) and e65 (b) between 2000 and 2020 by state. & Urey, H. C. The mechanisms of acid catalyzed ester hydrolysis, esterification and oxygen exchange of carboxylic acids. Sonochem. Cancer diagnosis in Brazil in the COVID-19 era. and S.G. conducted data curation. #n$dA"yTtM nTv_J{Bf25X1E[B Y@V(//G0g4_fc_Cv;`& ,. ISSN 2041-1723 (online). That is, the PSAs are soft enough to flow and wet a substrate at the bonding frequency, while hard enough to hold onto a substrate, and peel cleanly at the debonding frequency. Ichiura, H., Nakaoka, H. & Konishi, T. Recycling disposable diaper waste pulp after dehydrating the superabsorbent polymer through oxidation using ozone. To summarize, we developed a facile and potentially scalable method to synthesize commercially relevant PSAs by open-loop recycling poly(acrylic acid) sourced from a leading diaper manufacturer. Huang, C. et al. La Commissione europea ha pubblicato i primi bandi del programma LIFE 2021-2027 per l' ambiente, il clima e l' energia . Quantifying impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic through life expectancy losses: a population-level study of 29 countries. In the Northeast, however, the estimated decreases in life expectancy in 2020 are smaller than in the North. States in the North and Northeast have the worst indicators of income inequality, poverty, access to infrastructure and availability of physicians and hospital beds12,13. Proc. . Between 1945 and 2020, e0 in Brazil increased from 45.5 years to 76.7 years10, an average of almost 5 months per calendar year. In addition to your salary, Elevance Health offers benefits such as, a comprehensive benefits package . 1 0 obj CAS S1). MRS Bull. J. Macromol. Together, the United States and Brazil account for 28% of the worlds death toll and 59% of the death toll in the Americas. life-2021-sap-nat nature #life 2021 sap env gov #life-2021-sap-nat nature #life 2021 ta pp env sip #Life Call #life programme 2021 #LIFE Program #call for proposals climate change 2021 #life 2021 strat two stage Chem. J. Chem. Single phase. Larger relative femalemale gaps were estimated for e65an increase of 16.3% in 2020 in Brazil and a 107% increase in 2020 in Amap. Science 372, 821826 (2021). Lpine, L. & Gilbert, R. Thermal degradation of polyacrylic acid in dilute aqueous solution. Because the 2021 estimates are based on deaths that occurred in only a 4-month period, the magnitudes of declines are not directly comparable with those for 2020 using the DT19 method (Supplementary Tables 5 and 6). Preparation of pressure sensitive adhesives from post-consumer superabsorbent polymers. While catalytic depolymerization methods20 can, in principle, proceed without side-chain degradation, they have not yet been demonstrated for commercial sources of polyacrylic acid. Therefore, COVID-19 sequelae might shorten individual lifespan. are supported by the National Institutes of Health (grant no. Although durability and strength are advantages of synthetic polymers, these properties are also responsible for their environmental persistence4,5,6. Managed the strategic partnerships with: Microsoft, Nokia, and NavTech. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24488-9, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24488-9. If material is not included in the articles Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. When closed-loop processes are unavailable, an alternative, known as open-loop chemical recycling can be utilized. Experimentally, a plateau is observed in the plot of weight-average molar mass (Mw) versus sonication time. https://virological.org/t/first-reported-cases-of-sars-cov-2-sub-lineage-b-1-617-2-in-brazil-an-outbreak-in-a-ship-and-alert-for-spread/706 (2021). Health 9, e782e792 (2021). To do this, we multiplied the age group-specific and sex-specific mortality rates from 2019 from each state by the corresponding projected population for March 2021. The state gap remained roughly the same for both e0 and e65 (Fig. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Boletim Extraordinrio do Observatrio Covid-19 Fiocruz. U.S. Patent 9,447,309 B2. To estimate total deaths in the presence of COVID-19, we used different methodological approaches. The estimated decline in 2021 e0 is 1.78 years (1.86 years for males and 1.64 years for females). Informao Demogrfica e Socioeconmica. We estimate a decline in 2020 life expectancy at birth (e0) of 1.3 years, a mortality level not seen since 2014. Experienced Manager with a demonstrated history of working in the computer software industry. The SAP SF and Payroll Rollout initiative is a strategic technology that will reinvent the HR function in the implementing markets This initiative will establish an integrated HR platform that. 166, 108304 (2020). State acronyms by region: North: AC=Acre, AP=Amap, AM=Amazonas, PA=Par, RO=Rondnia, RR=Roraima and TO=Tocantins; Northeast: AL=Alagoas, BA=Bahia, CE=Cear, MA=Maranho, PB=Paraba, PE=Pernambuco, PI=Piau, RN=Rio Grande do Norte and SE=Sergipe; Center-West: DF=Distrito Federal, GO=Gois, MT=Mato Grosso and MS=Mato Grosso do Sul; Southeast: ES=Esprito Santo, MG=Minas Gerais, RJ=Rio de Janeiro and SP=So Paulo; South: PR=Paran, RS=Rio Grande do Sul and SC=Santa Catarina. Nature Communications (Nat Commun) Rede Genmica Fiocruz. ADS john deere quick hitch. Polym. For 2019 and 2020, our estimates include deaths from all causes registered in the Mortality Information System. conceived the research. To understand why esterification is so favored, we turned to small molecule model systems (Supplementary Information pgs S17S26). Nature Governance ). Overall, the viscoelastic properties of the synthesized PSAs suggest they would be useful for applications such as removable general-purpose adhesives, including tapes, bandages, and sticky notes. stream Sade Pblica 36, e00115320 (2020). Semin. In closed-loop chemical recycling, chemical transformations are used to cleave the polymer into its monomers (depolymerization), or to create a polymer with equivalent function12. Upgrading of postconsumer absorbent hygiene products for bioethanol production. SAP Certified with fifteen years of SAP development experience in UK and New Zealand. To obtain For e65, the decline in 2021 was estimated at 1.05 years for both sexes (Fig. Effect of economic recession and impact of health and social protection expenditures on adult mortality: a longitudinal analysis of 5565 Brazilian municipalities. Political and institutional perils of Brazils COVID-19 crisis. & Pimenta, D. N. Community health workers reveal COVID-19 disaster in Brazil. Popul. Lancet Glob. Second, we used deaths from all causes by age, sex, cause of death and state of residence provided by the Mortality Information System from the Ministry of Health for 2019 (n=1,345,543) and 2020 (n=1,541,556). | Saiba mais sobre as conexes, experincia profissional, formao . Third, because local health authorities have 60 d to report deaths from any cause, delayed death registration might be an issue in 2021, and, thus, for the first 4 months of 2021, we used confirmed COVID-19 deaths as reported by Brasil.io, which compiles epidemiological bulletins from the 27 state health departments. Given multiple AIG Prestige, AIG EVP Quest and Citi E-Thank You awards for exceeding process target and providing continued assistance to the team.<br><br>SKILLS <br> Experienced in Master Data . Our results quantify the effect of the COVID-19 death toll on life expectancy in Brazil. We did not make any corrections for the under-registration of deaths. Marques, N. P. et al. Res. Holmes, L. et al. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co, Weinheim, 2020). 6, 35893595 (2018). Acrylic acid and derivatives. 2a and Supplementary Table 7). LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-GOV Nature Governance Each project application under the call must address only one of these topics. Vaupel, J. W., Villavicencio, F. & Bergeron-Boucher, M.-P. Demographic perspectives on the rise of longevity. The main results presented in the text are based on differences between the 2019 and 2020 life tables, for two primary reasons. Unfortunately, most used diapers sit in landfills without substantial biodegradation, or are incinerated. Here we report an open-loop recycling method for these materials that involves (i) decrosslinking via hydrolysis, (ii) an optional chain-shortening via sonication, and (iii) functionalizing via Fischer esterification. Nat Commun 12, 4524 (2021). Moreover, mechanical recycling cannot be used with polymers that do not reversibly melt (e.g., crosslinked polymers). We demonstrate herein that our open-loop recycling approach to pressure-sensitive adhesives from superabsorbent polymers outcompetes the petroleum-derived syntheses on nearly every metric, including global warming potential and cumulative energy demand. This year, there is 598 million available for nature conservation, environmental protection, climate action, and clean energy transition projects. Here, chemical transformations are used to convert waste polymers into other value-added materials, delaying their entry into the waste stream. WASHINGTON (AP) An ambitious and wide-ranging White House cybersecurity plan released Thursday calls for bolstering protections on critical sectors and making software companies legally liable. Pract. 39, 2737 (2020). 5)49,50. )fdg{ca8L[2!/5\r>yGFB]Jd0EH|-v6fmxtlv^{@-0x@oOXLx1)&f@4M6"S6,+I"zvM7AC ~z:Wy{wF3JkGZpd\ _] 7N8cPi} Brazil does not lack a universal healthcare system, a network of community health agents to target vulnerable communities, sufficient data and a capable cadre of researchers tirelessly advancing knowledge and informing policy. May 1998 - Jan 20012 years 9 months. J. Phys. Lancet Glob. PubMed Central Integrated Projects (all subprogrammes): 19 October 2021 - Concept Note. Eng. Proposals under this topic must address EU Nature and Biodiversity legislation compliance assurance and access to justice by:- establishing new or, where in place, enhancing existing cross-border, national or regional networks of compliance assurance practitioners or experts; and/or establishing or, where in place, improving professional When acetic acid was reacted with 2-ethylhexanol/water, we observed a 94% conversion. Thiounn, T. & Smith, R. C. Advances and approaches for chemical recycling of plastic waste. A life cycle assessment demonstrates that the adhesives synthesized via this approach outcompete the same materials derived from petroleum feedstocks on nearly every metric, including carbon dioxide emissions and cumulative energy demand. Vital Strategies. XWPH.c0vyT0GA&AEO_18Py7%ZN&d"h%I.[Al} xlTBbp~VXaUL|y17 We have included these important steps in our life cycle assessments, however, our syntheses utilized the more readily accessible samples of superabsorbent polymer used to manufacture diapers at P&G. Because in-hospital COVID-19 deaths represent 89% of all COVID-19 deaths reported in 2021, we use them to proxy for the agesex distributions of all COVID-19 deaths. US Provisional Patent Application No. In a previous paper, we described the spatiotemporal patterns of the spread of COVID-19 cases and deaths in Brazil18. (ed.) 8,17). JAMA 324, 13911392 (2020). As of 9 June 2021, COVID-19 has officially claimed more than 3.7 million lives worldwide, 48% of which were in the Americas. Tobing, S. D. & Klein, A. Molecular parameters and their relation to the adhesive performance of acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesives. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/27/brazil-begins-parliamentary-inquiry-into-bolsonaros-covid-response (2021). 7 years of experience in SAP GL-MDM, SAP MDG and SAP ECC (Cost Center, Profit Center & General Ledger). Changes in e0 can reflect differences in expected longevity between two periods, such as before versus during a pandemic. Science 360, 2829 (2018). Health 7, e1575e1583 (2019). Chem. California, United States. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. http://olheparaafome.com.br/VIGISAN_Inseguranca_alimentar.pdf (2021). Chang noted that most existing PSAs appear between the G and G bounds of 103 and 106 Pascals (Pa) at the aforementioned bounding frequencies, and can be grouped into the quadrants (and central region) highlighted in Fig. For 2021, as the base case scenario, we calculated the number of deaths that would occur in the absence of COVID-19 (\({\,}_n^ \ast D_x\)). The rate of chain scission during sonication is directly proportional to the amount of chain entanglement during sonication35. In Latin America, at least four countries experienced secular mortality declines at earlier dates: Argentina, Uruguay, Costa Rica and Cuba9. Public Health Nutr. Teikti paraik ia. Reduction in life expectancy in Brazil after COVID-19, \({\,}_nD_x = ({\,}_nK_x - \,_nD_x^{COV})({\,}_n^ \ast M_x) + \,_nD_x^{COV}\), $${\,}_{\boldsymbol{n}}{\boldsymbol{R}}_{\boldsymbol{x}} = \frac{{{\,}_{\boldsymbol{n}}^ \ast {\boldsymbol{D}}_{\boldsymbol{x}}}}{{{\,}_{\boldsymbol{n}}{\boldsymbol{D}}_{\boldsymbol{x}}}}$$, $${\,}_{\boldsymbol{n}}{\boldsymbol{p}}_{\boldsymbol{x}} = {\boldsymbol{e}}^{\left( {\frac{1}{{{\,}_{\boldsymbol{n}}{\boldsymbol{R}}_{\boldsymbol{x}}}}\, \ast \,\log \left( {{\,}_{\boldsymbol{n}}^ \ast {\boldsymbol{p}}_{\boldsymbol{x}}} \right)} \right)}$$, $${\,}_{\boldsymbol{n}}{\boldsymbol{q}}_{\boldsymbol{x}} = 1 - {\,}_{\boldsymbol{n}}{\boldsymbol{p}}_{\boldsymbol{x}}$$, $${\,}_{\boldsymbol{n}}{\boldsymbol{a}}_{\boldsymbol{x}} = {\boldsymbol{n}} + \frac{1}{{{\,}_{\boldsymbol{n}}{\boldsymbol{R}}_{\boldsymbol{x}}}} \ast \frac{{{\,}_{\boldsymbol{n}}^ \ast {\boldsymbol{q}}_{\boldsymbol{x}}}}{{{\,}_{\boldsymbol{n}}{\boldsymbol{q}}_{\boldsymbol{x}}}} \ast ({\,}_{\boldsymbol{n}}^ \ast {\boldsymbol{a}}_{\boldsymbol{x}} - {\boldsymbol{n}})$$, $${\,}_\infty {\boldsymbol{a}}_{90} = {\,}_\infty ^ \ast {\boldsymbol{a}}_{90}\, \ast _\infty {\boldsymbol{R}}_{90}$$, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01437-z. Different PSAs were targeted simply by varying the sonication times. Among the states, the largest setback was estimated for Amazonas and Par (levels of 2006 for both sexes, 2008 and 2010 for females and 2005 and 2002 for males). Cad. 28, 434439 (2003). The consequences of that death toll can be measured by e0, which indicates the average number of years a newborn would be expected to live if born in a specific year and subject to the prevailing mortality rates in that year throughout life. As many countries speed up vaccination coverage and witness declines in cases and deaths, Brazil lags behind. When intense shocks like a pandemic or war occur, life expectancy drops, but it often rebounds quickly. . 364, 19851998 (2009). Santos, M. C. et al. Glacial acrylic acid (GAA), methyl acrylate (MA), ethyl acrylate (EA), n-butyl acrylate (BA) and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (2-EHA). However, this process utilizes expensive solvents (dimethylsulfoxide or dimethylformamide) and stoichiometric quantities of base (tetramethylguanidine), both of which would likely be too costly for large-scale recycling of waste superabsorbent materials. Sci. 916 (Springer International Publishing AG, 2018). Specifically, using a 2 or 3 step synthetic process, the sodium polyacrylate is converted into a pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA), which has a significant global market (expected to be $13 billion by 2023) (https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/pressure-sensitive-adhesives-market). For the base case scenario (absence of COVID-19), we used mortality rates reported in 2019, which we treated as cause-deleted life tables (that is, there were no deaths from COVID-19 in 2019), and applied these to the population at risk to obtain expected deaths in the absence of COVID-19. One salient example is the superabsorbent material used in diapers and feminine hygiene products, which contain crosslinked sodium polyacrylates. <> Buss, L. F. et al. The authors thank Procter and Gamble (P&G) for supporting this work, as well as Ryan Hayes and Jonah Vilseck for assisting with simulations, Edwin Zishiri for assisting with synthesis, Gary Gilbertson, Bill Begley, and Yiping Sun for performing SEC on the PSAs, and Prof. Brian Love for his intellectual contributions. We used death rates from all causes (including COVID-19) to calculate single-decrement life tables in 2019 and 2020. Mechanical recycling is not feasible because the crosslinks prevent melting. Biochem. Article https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2019-11/documents/2017_facts_and_figures_fact_sheet_final.pdf (2019). Internet Explorer). The materials, equipment, synthetic methods, as well as all processed data generated in this study are provided in the Supplementary Information file. We used three approaches to assess changes in life expectancy due to COVID-19. J. Appl. LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-GOV - Nature Governance - Standard Action Projects (SAP) I progetti relativi a questa call devono essere orientati verso la garanzia di conformit alla legislazione dell'UE in materia di natura e biodiversit e l'accesso alla giustizia mediante: Fornof, A. R. et al. <>/XObject<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 960 540] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> 2 0 obj Our results point to an overall widening of the femalemale gap in e0 of 0.6 years in Brazil (9.1% increase). Article An estimated 6.3 billion metric tons of post-consumer polymer waste has been produced, with the majority (79%) in landfills or the environment. Considering the large COVID-19 death toll in Brazil, with marked regional inequalities, our goal was to quantify the loss in e0 and e65 in 2020 and in the first 4 months of 2021 due to the pandemic. 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Because these data are not available by age and sex, we used de-identified publicly available data on severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) hospitalizations from the Influenza Epidemiological Surveillance Information System (Sistema de Informao de Vigilncia Epidemiolgica da Gripe, or SIVEP-Gripe, in Portuguese). 1). Self-wetting adhesive composition. Carvalho, C. A., Viola, P. C. A. F. & Sperandio, N. How is Brazil facing the crisis of food and nutrition security during the COVID-19 pandemic? Chem. Plots of weight-average molar mass (Mw) versus time and maximum specific energy (wmax) for sonicating PAAP&G at a 2.5% w/v and b 5.0% w/v. Article LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-GOV - Nature Governance LIFE-2021-CET-LOCAL - Technical support to clean energy transition plans and strategies in municipalities and regions LIFE-2021-CET-PDA - Disruptive PDA - Technical Assistance to advance market boundaries for sustainable energy investments Presentation(edition Call 2021- content valid also for call 2022), European Climate Infrastructure and Environment Executive Agency, This site is managed by the European Climate, Infrastructure and Environment Executive Agency, LIFE-2022-SAP-NAT Nature and Biodiversity - Standard Action Projects (SAP), Follow the European Commission on social media, Programme for the Environment and Climate Action (LIFE), European Climate, Infrastructure and Environment Executive Agency, LIFE - Support for applicants (europa.eu). Roberts, I. We also used these period life tables to calculate the femalemale gap in e0 and e65 (Supplementary Table 7); the difference between the highest and lowest state life expectancies; the loss due to COVID-19 relative to increases in e0 and e65 (by sex and state) over the past two decades (20002020) (Supplementary Tables 8 and 9); and the setback in life expectancy due to COVID-19 identified by the years when the life expectancies estimated for 2020 and 2021 were last observed (Supplementary Table 10). Thank you for visiting nature.com. SEARCH OTHER FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES OR REGISTER TO ACCESS ALL THE INFORMATION AND R&D PROJECTS OPPORTUNITIES IN YOUR AREAS OF INTEREST, Proposals under this topic must address EU Nature and Biodiversity legislation compliance assurance and access to justice by:- establishing new or, where in place, enhancing existing cross-border, national or regional networks of compliance assurance practitioners or experts; and/or establishing or, where in place, improving professional qualifications and training to improve compliance with binding EU legal instruments on nature and biodiversity, through promoting, checking and enforcing compliance, or- applying the polluter pays principle, using a mix of administrative law, criminal law and environmental [], What is In this approach, the VW for each PSA is constructed from the dynamic storage (G) and loss (G) moduli at representative bonding and debonding frequencies of 0.01 and 100Hz, respectively.