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In these state churches, pastors and leaders christen babies which means they make them Christians by baptizing them; thus the that has been christened as a baby believes he is on his way to heaven simply because he was christened (or baptized) in infancy. On INFANT BAPTISM comp. How does pouring or sprinkling illustrate the death, burial, and resurrection of Jesus Christ? They are thus covered until they reach the age that they can understand the Gospel, and at that point they must trust Christ on their own, of their own volition. 3:15)" (. It is my purpose in this article to set forth my reasons for saying, as I often have said, that. In SUMATRA, at the name-giving ceremony, the child is carried to the nearest running water by the men: there the father dips it and gives it a name., With the negritoes of the PHILIPPINES the mouth of the newborn child is filled with salt; after this the women hasten with it to the nearest brook, in which they bathe it. We pray for this child: set him (her) free from original sin, make him (her) a temple of your glory, and send your Holy Spirit to dwell with him (her). pagan origin of infant baptism. I was saved at age 6. For, aside from some not very clear expressions of Clement of Alexandria, Origen distinctly derives it from the tradition of the apostles; and through his journeys in the East and West he was well acquainted with the practice of the church in his time. From my point of view, it is a dreadful thing to baptize a baby and let him grow up believing that by that baptism he has been saved and is on his way to heaven. The wives of the anabaptists had their bodies mutilated in terrible ways, as parts of their bodies were cut off.Pregnant women had their stomachs ripped open and the offspring cast to wild hogs as husband was forced to watch. However, smallpox tends to cause a high mortality among children, and Christians certainly were not exempt. John Calvin in France, as well as Oliver Cromwell in England and John Knox in Scotland, stuck to the union of church and state and infant baptism and used their power, when they had power, to seek to force others to conform to their own views. and Theol. (McBrien, Catholicism, p. 1154). For why is it necessary . [22] Due to its reference to Eleutherus as the current bishop of Rome, the work is usually dated c. In his day it was no question, whether the children of Christian parents might and should be baptizedon this all were agreed,but whether they might be baptized so early as the second or third day after birth, or, according to the precedent of the Jewish circumcision, on the eighth day. [73] Circumcision did not create faith in the 8-day-old Jewish boy. Of course, there is no differentiating between those who were baptized as infants and those who were not. According to the most widely accepted hypothesis, the Roman soldiers sent to invade Parthia returned in 165, spreading the plague all the way back to Rome, where, according to some modern estimates, smallpox at its apex killed approximately 5,000 people per day. "[52], They also cite other biblical passages such as Mark 10:13-15, Mark 16:16, John 3:3-7 and Acts 2:38-39[53] in support of their position. The professed conversion of Emperor Constantine in A.D. 313 was looked upon by many as a great triumph for Christianity. Armitages History (p7l-73) tells us that in the 6th century, Emperor Justin issued an edict commanding ALL UNBAPTIZED PARENTS to present themselves and their children for baptism at once. By submitting above, you agree to our privacy policy. The Catholic way is heresy and only condemns a person to Hell. (457) In an infant, in fact, any regeneration but through baptism cannot be easily conceived. [citation needed], Scholars disagree on the date when infant baptism was first practiced. because he believed it was wrong to baptize BABIES. NOWHERE in the Bible is there scripture that supports the pagan practice of Infant baptism. Immediately, Bible Believing Christians reject the idea of baptizing babies and Baptismal regeneration the teaching that baptism is essential to salvation; or, if you want to turn it around, that water baptism saves the soul (or at least is a part of a persons salvation). If these request that a child of theirs be baptized, there must be assurances that the child will be given the benefit of the Christian upbringing required by the sacrament. [90], Several nontrinitarian religious groups also oppose infant baptism, including Oneness Pentecostals, Christadelphians, Jehovah's Witnesses, United Church of God, and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.[91]. The pandemic generated a religious response in the highest echelons of Roman society. Pandemics can influence and radically alter habits and practices of entire populations. (Much of the following was taken from the pamphlet written by the Late Dr. William Pettingill on INFANT BAPTISM). With him this position resulted from moral earnestness, and a lively sense of the great solemnity of the baptismal vow. If today the tone of the debate has somewhat dampened, it is due more to a certain fatigue than to a consensus. a Known as the Antonine Plague, it probably was the first appearance of smallpox in the Mediterranean and Europe. Holy Communion, in the form of consecrated wine and bread, is also given to infants after they are baptized.[50]. It was not enough simply to believe; that belief, that trust, that dependence had to be in Him.. Catholic doctrine teaches that babies that die unbaptized cannot enter heaven (NEW CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA, 1987). It is significant that in regard to the family of the Philippian jailer Luke reports in Acts 16:32, just before mentioning the baptism of the jailers household, And [Paul and Silas] spoke the word of the Lord to him together with all who were in his house. This seems to be Lukes way of saying that hearing and believing the word is a prerequisite to baptism. pagan origin of infant baptism. XIV. (454) He also says that many old men and women of sixty and seventy years of age have been from childhood disciples of Christ. In this case, the rite of baptism itself is to be performed in the second celebration, when parents are supposed to have enough maturity to raise the child in the Catholic faith. [14][bettersourceneeded], Although it is not required, many parents and godparents choose to dress the baby in a white gown called a christening gown for the baptism ceremony. Carroll from his TRAIL OF BLOOD no other doctrine that ever found its way into Christendom has caused so much BLOODSHED in this world as the doctrine of INFANT BAPTISM.. Its statement of doctrine says: The sacrament of baptism is administered on adults by the pouring of water and the pronouncement of the proper words, and cleanses from original sin., Children are baptized as heirs of the Kingdom of God and of His covenant. [38] In the 17th and 18th centuries, many infants were baptized on the day of their birth as in the cases of Francoise-Athenais, Marquise de Montespan, Jeanne Du Barry and Marie Anne de Cupis de Camargo. Consequently, as the teaching of baptismal of the Dark Ages which endured for more than twelve centuries until the Protestant Reformation. As early as A.D. 400 Augustine appeals to the universal practice of infant baptism as proof that the church saw infants born with the stain of original sin. If there is satisfactory assurance, i.e., "any pledge giving a well-founded hope for the Christian upbringing of the children", then "the priest cannot refuse to celebrate the sacrament without delay, as in the case of children of Christian families". The wives of the anabaptists had their bodies mutilated in terrible ways, as parts of their bodies were cut off.Pregnant women had their stomachs ripped open and the offspring cast to wild hogs as husband was forced to watch. "The Most Holy Trinity gives the baptised sanctifying grace, the grace of justification: "The Church received from the apostles the tradition of giving baptism even to infants" (Commentaries on Romans 5:9, quoted, for instance, in. Analogy with circumcision: Some Christians posit an analogy of baptism to circumcision, pointing to children, since the historic Israelite application of circumcision was to infants, not to adult converts, of which there were few. The first passage cited has: "Baptism according to the practice of the Church is given even to infants"; the second has: "The Church had a tradition from the Apostles, to give baptism even to infants"; the third has: "Infants are baptised for the remission of sins . As a last resort, enrollment of the child in a course of catechetical instruction on reaching school age can be offered in lieu of immediate celebration of baptism. Infant baptism appeared in the Christian church history around the Second Century, coming from the pagan influences of Baal Worship, as we will show later, but It came about as a result of the doctrine of baptismal regeneration - the teaching that baptism is essential to salvation; or, if you want to turn it around, that water baptism saves the Hislop explained in 'Two Babylons,' "The doctrine of Baptismal Regeneration also is essentially Babylonian Most people in the world have no experience of lasting joy in their lives. If there is insufficient assurance, "it will be prudent to delay baptism", while keeping contact with the parents in the hope of securing the required conditions for celebrating the sacrament. [47] In the Roman Rite, the wording of the prayer of exorcism is: "Almighty and ever-living God, you sent your only Son into the world to cast out the power of Satan, spirit of evil, to rescue man from the kingdom of darkness and bring him into the splendour of your kingdom of light. Infant Baptism. Little children certainly can come to Christ when they are old enough to understand that Jesus died for them and shed his blood to pay for their sins. Similar to the Roman Catholic Church, they teach that baptism is not merely a symbol but actually conveys grace. No wonder the Book of Revelation declared in Revelation 17:6 that this great HARLOT false religion had become DRUNK with the BLOOD of the SaintsHistorian and Bible commentator Sir Robert Anderson estimated that thru out the middle ages OVER 40 MILLION people were murdered and martyred over this one doctrine of INFANT BAPTISM! ), The Ante-Nicene Fathers: The Apostolic Fathers with Justin Martyr and Irenaeus (Vol. 217. If a person is trusting in baptism for salvation, he cannot be trusting in Him. . sarcophagus from Lungotevere, now in the National Museum of Rome. . Catholics, Episcopalians, Lutherans, Methodists, and Presbyterians all sprinkle or pour water on babies, calling it baptism. Eastern Othodox churches immerse babies. But many put off baptism to their death-bed, in moral levity and presumption, that they might sin as long as they could. Presb. 380-381, 398). Flashback: Catholic Jesuit Superior resigns after charged with Black Mass Child Sacrifices, Remains of 400 Murdered Children Found at Smyllum Park Catholic Orphanage in Lanark Scotland, Pope embraces Witch in Worship Service to Mother Earth, Vatican and Pope Rides the Depopulation Train, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. So likewise He was an old man for old men, that He might be a perfect Master for all, not merely as respects the setting forth of the truth, but also as regards age, sanctifying at the same time the aged also, and becoming an example to them likewise. If the child was decided to be kept, the daddy would take it down to the pagan priest and the ceremony would be arranged. Westminster Confession, Chapter 28, Section 1 and especially section 3. But when the same high view is applied without qualification to infant baptism, we are confronted at once with the difficulty that infants cannot comply with this condition. 1 The new covenant . [97], For Roman Catholic and Methodist Christians, Confirmation "strengthens" (the original meaning of the word "confirm")[98][99] the grace of Baptism, by conferring an increase and deepening of that grace. This was orthodoxy up to the time of the Christian theologian Justin (in 150 C.E. These clothes are often kept as a memento after the ceremony. It includes infants, women, men, and teenagers, even though none of these groups is specifically named. The Antonine Plague fits perfectly in the history of baptismal theology, presenting itself as a crucial event on the world stage. IT IS THE TEACHING OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH THAT BABIES ARE BORN DEMON-POSSESSED AND NEED TO BE EXORCISED: DAttwater, A CATHOLIC DICTIONARY; N.Y.: MacMillan, 1956; p. 44: At the solemn baptism of a child, it is first exorcised, signed with the cross and salt is administeredthenanother exorcism., IN THE BOOK THE RITES OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH (approved by the national conference of Catholic Bishops, published by authority of Pope Paul VI), we find several PRAYERS OF EXORCISM AND ANOINTING BEFORE BAPTISM. (pp. What follows is Schaffs fuller treatment of infant baptism: On INFANT BAPTISM comp. esempio relazione stage scienze motorie pegaso; casa in vendita brindisi commenda indipendente; dove trasmettono la dinamo sassari in tv. The scourge reportedly wiped out more than 90 percent of the population in limited areas of Egypt and probably more than 20 percent of the Roman Empires total population.2. In it, Tertullian questions the wisdom of giving baptism to infants. Hence there arose the practice of postponing baptism until ones deathbed in order not to commit post-baptismal sins which would have to be dealt with through penance. Infant baptism is also called christening by some faith traditions. In the churches of Egypt infant baptism must have been practised from the first. That is the reason why infants too are baptised". Likewise, baptism doesn't create faith; it is a sign of membership in the visible covenant community. An Examination of the Relationship between Circumcision and Baptism in Colossians", "Doctrinal and Physical Marginality in Christian Death: The Burial of Unbaptized Infants in Medieval Italy", "Catechism of the Catholic Church - PART 2 SECTION 2 CHAPTER 1 ARTICLE 1", "ANF01. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. [43], The instruction then gave guidelines for pastoral practice, based on two principles. Then, at last, He came on to death itself, that He might be "the first-born from the dead, that in all things He might have the pre-eminence," the Prince of life, existing before all, and going before all." Like other catastrophes, pandemics can be critical and polarizing events that generate societal changes beyond the immediate, health-centered issues. in vol. "For He came to save all through means of Himselfall, I say, who through Him are born again to Godinfants, and children, and boys, and youths, and old men. Once has to go back to Genesis 10 and 11 where we read of Noahs Great grandson, NIMROD, and his wife SEMIRAMUS, who started the great pagan BABYLON MYSTERY RELIGION at the Tower of Babel. A moral and spiritual regeneration, as distinct from sacramental, would imply conversion, and this is a conscious act of the will, an exercise of repentance and faith, of which the infant is not capable. . 1. Some historical pandemics also had considerable religious consequences: They fueled religious radicalism, encouraged reform movements, and inspired theological discourse. While the criterion of the homogeneous society would legitimate infant Baptism if the society is Christian, it would also lead one to consider it as illegitimate when Christian families are in a minority, whether within an ethnic group that is still predominantly pagan or in a militantly atheistic regime. The Catholic Church yet has to fully embrace that thinking. Those who believe not on the Son are condemned already, and they shall not see life, but the wrath of God abides on them. CYPR. A priest immersed the child in water, at the same time, (W)ith the HINDUS, ritual ablutions were used to remove the guilt of sins when these were, Among the TIBETAN AND MONGOLIAN BUDDHISTS the ceremony takes place from three to ten days after birth. In "Origins of Infant Baptism" Joachim Jeremias rebuts Kurt Aland's critique of his first book on the subject, "Infant Baptism in the First Four Centuries." Arguement by arguement Jeremias addresed the problems Aland found with the first book and turns the tables on him with sound arguement and further evidence. These "infant conscripts are held to lifelong obligations of obedience" without their understanding or consent. I believe the Word of God is clear regarding the matter of salvation. [21] The earliest reference to infant baptism was by Irenaeus (c. 130202) in his work Against Heresies. [65] Wesleyan covenant theology further teaches that baptism is a sign and a seal of the covenant of grace:[66], Of this great new-covenant blessing, baptism was therefore eminently the sign; and it represented "the pouring out" of the Spirit, "the descending" of the Spirit, the "falling" of the Spirit "upon men," by the mode in which it was administered, the pouring of water from above upon the subjects baptized. It is believed by some Christians that baptism is not merely a symbol and that it has a real effect, conveying. However, it more than likely was the greatest tragedy in church history because it resulted in the union of church and state and the establishment of a hierarchy which ultimately developed into the Roman Catholic system. LIX. We present documentation here to show that INFANT "BAPTISM" WAS WIDESPREAD AMONGST THE PAGAN (NON-CHRISTIAN) RELIGIONS OF THE WORLD, LONG BEFORE THE ROMANISTS BEGAN PRACTICING IT. Every time the topic is tackled, children are considered pure regardless. The sprinkling-baptism is the so-called 'atoning salvation' and 'spiritual regeneration' of the water god. Elio Lo Cascio, Fra equilibrio e crisi, in Storia di Roma, vol. The Catholic practices of. In other words, at the turn of the third century it is not taken for granted, as it is two hundred years later when St. Augustine addresses the matter. The headman of the family or village sprinkles water upon it, gives it a name, and blesses it., Similar rites are found all over the MALAY ARCHIPELAGO, as the following instances will show. The use of salt occurs among several peoples as a ritual act, and is part of the baptismal ceremony of, The MAYAS believed that the ceremonial ablution washed away evil, hindered the influence of evil demons, and gave the child inclinations to good. [33] Due to high rates of infant mortality, it is important to note that canon law denied unbaptized infants a Christian burial in sacred ground.[34]. For 33 years, he served as pastor of Bethlehem Baptist Church, Minneapolis, Minnesota. There is not a single example of a baby being baptized or christened in the Bible! "[41], The Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith issued on 20 October 1980 an instruction on infant baptism, whose purpose was "to recall the principal points of doctrine in this field which justify the Church's constant practice down the centuries and demonstrate its permanent value in spite of the difficulties raised today". In the Old Testament, all male converts to Judaism, male infants born to Jewish parents, and male servants were circumcised as ceremony of initiation into the Jewish community. Infants cannot repent or believe: Baptism in Scripture always has the prerequisite of repentance and faith, which are impossible for an infant. Not an All-Access Member yet? [92], The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) completely rejects infant baptism. : Epist. [15] Others, noting the lack of any explicit evidence of exclusion of infant baptism, believe that they did, understanding biblical references to individuals "and [her] household" being baptised[16] as including young children. The promise is for you and your children". John Piper is founder and teacher of desiringGod.org and chancellor of Bethlehem College & Seminary. here to go to the Prayer Warrior Sign Up Page, Demonic Catholic News Alert December 21st 2022, Demonic Catholic News Alert August11th 2022, Nasty Nancy Pelosi To Be Denied Holy Communion, Protester Interrupts The False Prophet: Masks are NOT of the Church of God, False Prophet Is Already Doing the Bidding of the Anti-Christ, So Much for Celibacy: A Satanic Lair of Fudge Packing Priests Slithers Out in Germany, This is Catholicism: The Polish Diocese has No Shame, The Downfall of Catholicism in Latin America, One of Lucifers Ambassadors Says Catholics Can Support a Womans Right to Kill Her Unborn Child, The False Prophet Is at It Once Again Leading Ignorant Sheep to the Slaughter with Mary Worship, Pope Francis: Lucifer is god of the Catholic Church, The Vatican, The Illuminati and their Alien Controllers, George Floyd Depicted as Black Jesus at a Catholic University. pagan origin of infant baptism. I do not believe-that any child below the age of accountability has ever gone to hell. At the actual name-giving ceremony the childs face is sprinkled with water from a vessel which stands under a sacred tree. To commemorate this event, the Priests of Nimrod would baptize new-born infants the fathers chose to keep, and they would become born-again and become members of the Babylonian Mystery Religion. Of course, there is no differentiating between those who were baptized as infants and those who were not. [29], From at least the 3rd century onward Christians baptised infants as standard practice, although some preferred to postpone baptism until late in life, so as to ensure forgiveness for all their preceding sins. Infant baptism is an act of consecration, and looks to subsequent instruction and personal conversion, as a condition to full membership of the church. Justin Martyr expressly teaches the capacity of all men for spiritual circumcision by baptism; and his all can with the less propriety be limited, since he is here speaking to a Jew. The Priests of Rome taught-and still do-that it is NOT possible even for newly born infants to be saved so as to enjoy the delights of heaven unless they are baptized. To illustrate this great number of those anabaptists slain, Anderson said if you lined 40 million people in a line, four abreast and four feet apart, and they marched by at normal marching pace, it would take 4 years and 4 months for this number of people to march by!!! Billions of people have personally tested this phenomenon during the current Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis. In 1 Corinthians 1:16, Paul says, I did baptize also the household of Stephanas. But we must wait another 20 years to find a clear statement on the baptism of children, put in writing by the prolific author Tertullian, in c. 200 C.E. When we consider the high infant mortality rate, we can see how an emergency practice of administering the salvific baptism to infants eventually became a normal practiceeven more so under the circumstances of a cruel pandemic. The Council of Trent and the Councils of Lyons and Florence declare positively that unbaptized infants are confined to this realm., The primary purpose of the Church of Rome in excluding unbaptized infants from heaven is to force parents to commit their children to her as soon as possible the pressure put on members of the Mother Church of Rome parents to see that their children are baptized EARLY is almost UNBELIEVABLE ..a commitment which once she receives she never relinquishes. (P 191). ad Fidum. : The Orthodox Presbyterian Church", "The Sacrament of Baptism | Moravian Church in America", "In the name of the father, son and the holy spirit. No wonder the Book of Revelation declared in Revelation 17:6 that this great HARLOT false religion had become DRUNK with the BLOOD of the SaintsHistorian and Bible commentator Sir Robert Anderson estimated that thru out the middle ages OVER 40 MILLION people were murdered and martyred over this one doctrine of INFANT BAPTISM! A History of the Christian Church. In A. Roberts, J. Donaldson, & A. C. Coxe (Eds. Jesus becomes indignant and says, "Let the little children come to me, and do not hinder them, for the kingdom of God belongs to such as these." [17], The earliest extra-biblical directions for baptism,[18] which occur in the Didache (c. 100),[19] are taken to be about baptism of adults, since they require fasting by the person to be baptised. THE HOLY INQUISITION RESULTED FROM THIS ISSUE OF BABY BAPTISM [46], The Catechism of the Catholic Church states: "Since Baptism signifies liberation from sin and from its instigator the devil, one or more exorcisms are pronounced over the candidate". Baptism is a sacrament because it is an "instrument" instituted by Jesus Christ to impart grace to its recipients. buoni spesa comune di venezia Unaware to a lot of people, this thing came to the Americas well in the early days of this republic. SALVATION HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH JOINING A CHURCH: IT IS BY PERSONAL BELIEF IN JESUS CHRIST AS THE ONLY SACRIFICE FOR YOUR SINS. Further south, among the MFIOTE people of Loango, when the child is three or four months old he is sprinkled with water in the presence of all the dwellers in the village, and is called by the name of an illustrious ancestor., (A)mong the tribes of th GABUN(:) When a birth has taken place, the fact is announced by a public crier. [30], Based on their understanding of New Testament passages such as Colossians 2:1112, Christians who baptize infants believe that infant baptism is the New Testament counterpart to the Old Testament circumcision. In part this appears to be based upon the fact that even in the ancient church there was the concept that baptism was the initiation rite into the community of faith, and infants are born into that community so are baptized. It isn't the only practice, but the evidence suggests that infant baptism was a normal and expected practice. Matthew 28-19", Introductory Note to Irenus Against Heresies, The Apostolic Tradition of Hippolytus of Rome, "Infant Baptism: Scriptural and Reasonable", What does the Bible teach about the subject of baptising of infants? pagan origin of infant baptismland for sale near atascosa refuge cameron county, tx. Thirty years later, with Irenaeus, the situation seems to have changed, and, after 20 more years, we learn from Tertullian that the practice of infant baptism was implemented unreservedly. These Bible Believing Christians were labeled slanderously as ANABAPTISTS because they rejected this idea of baptizing babies as pagan and not Scriptural. What does the BIBLE say about SALVATION? This desire would be strengthened in cases of sickness by the prevailing notion of the necessity of baptism for salvation. In any case, there is no mention of infants in any of these three instances of household baptisms, and it is an argument from silence to say that there must have been small children. "[48], The Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodoxy and the Assyrian Church of the East also insist on the need to have infants baptized as soon as is practicable after birth. that the sponsors likewise should be thrust into danger? If you will notice, the Word of God never says simply believe and be saved; rather, it seeks always to identify the object of faith, which is the Lord Jesus Christ Himself. Baptism does not produce commitment; a person's commitment through faith prompts the desire for baptism in obedience to God's command. Jesus' affirmation: According to Luke 18:15-17, when parents brought their babies to Jesus, the disciples tried to prevent them from coming. In his confirmation, the catechist answers a question about his baptism in infancy by saying this: In my baptism. For why is it necessary if [baptism itself] is not necessary that the sponsors should be thrust into danger? The first essential sacrament Semiramis taught was Baptism by water. Constantine sat among the fathers at the great Council of Nicaea, and gave legal effect to its decrees, and yet put off his baptism to his deathbed. The practice of the rite generated heated debate in the 1950s and 1960s concerning the legitimacy of administering baptism to children and infants. Phone: Pastor, Steve Waters, (951) 264-6909, 2023Downey Central Missionary Baptist Church. The mother had no right at all to determine whether the child she bore was to live or not, that was le ft up to the FATHER. There was also the concept that baptism washed away all pre-baptismal sins. Tertullian mentions the practice in conjunction with sponsors who would aid in the childs spiritual training. More importantly, Jesus confirms that babies of believers belong to the kingdom of God. There is not one example in the Bible of one single baby being baptized. He was the first Christian theologian to write in Latin and exerted significant influence through his apologetic works. ENCYCLOPEDIA AMERICANA (1990): "Among the GREEKS AND ROMANS the newborn child was bathed and named, and recognized by the father as his own." The three passages identified by scholars are. In many of these churches, the Sacred Mystery of Chrismation (Confirmation) is administered by the priest immediately after baptism. The name-giving occurs at the same time. 239-267. As stated earlier, little children who die in infancy are covered by the Blood of Christ and will go to heaven. [91] Little children are considered both born without sin[93] and incapable of committing sin. HOLY WATER is now sprinkled or poured over the babys head, and the baby is said to be cleansed from any original sin and is now born-again and a member of the Babylonian Religion. Once again I state: These two grievous errors baptismal regeneration and infant baptism have probably caused more people to go to hell than any other doctrine.