Dance Ministry Leader Responsibilities, Do Mennonites Celebrate Birthdays, Articles W

Its Time to Rethink the Idea of the Indigenous. This sounds extreme, but its a fairly common move in political philosophy. By first class relic of st dymphna / thursday, 09 june 2022 / published in. }; Tyranny meant rule by one manwhether undesirable or not. So, if we value its power to make good decisions, why not try a system thats a little less fair but makes good decisions even more often? Calhoun's policies directly influenced Southern public policy regarding slavery, and undermined the Supremacy Clause power granted to the federal government. Mills proposal, in particular, remains actually fairly formidable, according to David Estlund, a political philosopher at Brown. Brennan draws ample evidence of the average American voters cluelessness from the legal scholar Ilya Somins Democracy and Political Ignorance (2013), which shows that American voters have remained ignorant despite decades of rising education levels. Antebellum South Carolina utilized Calhoun's doctrines in the Old South as public policy, adopted from his theory of concurrent majority. Some beliefs are more emotionally appealing, Caplan observed, so if your vote isnt likely to do anything why not indulge yourself in what you want to believe, whether or not its true? Get book recommendations, fiction, poetry, and dispatches from the world of literature in your in-box. The police are nothing other than the majority under arms. Regarding recent American politics (specifically initiatives), Donovan et al. Thoreaus idealizing of the individual is a projection of his own privileges, including his elite education. (Liberty) is found not in "the extremes of democracy but in moderate governments. Yazan kategorisi quien es el esposo de coco march ak yaymlanma tarihi 9 haziran 2022 kategorisi. Since democracy is the form that the others devolve into before devolving into tyranny, a central aspect of this theory is how democracy leads to tyranny. since oligarchy specifically. It would be the kind of tyranny the framers feared. Experience hath shewn, that even under the best forms of government those entrusted with power have, in time, and by slow operations, perverted it into tyranny. Either the existence of the same passion or interest in a majority at the same time must be prevented, or the majority, having such coexistent passion or interest, must be rendered, by their number and local situation, unable to concert and carry into effect schemes of oppression. "[8] It was further popularised by John Stuart Mill, influenced by Tocqueville, in On Liberty (1859). We should be anxious in this cowardly new world into which we are plunged. return document.cookie.indexOf(disableStr + '=true') > -1; Democracy is also ill served when we fail to acknowledge that some issues are beyond debate. Plato's reflections in the Republic on democracy and tyranny, and the way the former can engender the latter, now seem, in the age of Trump, more pertinent than ever. vertical-align: -0.1em !important; (March 2, 2023 / JNS) The huge demonstrations that continue in Israel and turned violent this week are fueled by the claim that the government's judicial reform package spells the end of Israeli democracy. A free people and their democracy must find ways to embrace not an idealized view of debate but the political will to admit when there is no debate. Unlike that envisioned under a republican form of government, rights are seen as privileges and permissions that are granted by government and can be rescinded by government. Caplan notes that a politician clever enough to worry about his constituents future happiness as well as their present gratification might be motivated to give them better policies than they know to ask for. I strive to remind myself everyday that I am wrong about something, but that is not enough I must strive then to find what it is, why it is wrong and somehow make it right. annabeth gish sons of anarchy; tulsa mclain football roster; who said democracy is the tyranny of the uninformed; 2 Thng By, 2021; does glamb ship to america; . 10, wrote that in a pure democracy, "there is nothing to check the inducement to sacrifice the weaker party or the obnoxious individual. Brennan is reluctant to get specific, which is understandable. who said democracy is the tyranny of the uninformed. Copyright 2021 by KM UNION LAW FIRM. I think everyone does. Sorry, we cant seem to find what youre looking for. Of course, there has always been disinformation. The framers gave us a Constitution replete with undemocratic mechanisms. democracy is the tyranny of the uninformed. this rings true, especially in the age of disinformation. if ( em_track_user ) { The idea of a voter exam, for example, was dismissed by Brennan himself in The Ethics of Voting as ripe for abuse and institutional capture. Theres no mention in his new book of any measures that he would put in place to prevent such dangers. As a prominent public intellectual, Ta-Nehisi Coates often sits at the center of debate. The discipline emerged from Black struggle. (In fact, in Mills day, select universities had had their own constituencies for centuries, allowing someone with a degree from, say, Oxford to vote both in his university constituency and wherever he lived. Laws do not represent reason. Variations: "If a nation expects to be ignorant and free, in a state of civilization, it expects what never was and never will be. majority rule or electoral democracy, but rather to resist the idea that majority rule is the 4 Id. __gaTracker.getAll = function() { and yet here we are, clinging to it. One frequent claim is that our nation is a democracy. } else { Plato, a follower and transcriber of Socrates, agreed. The framers' distrust is seen in the negative language of our Bill of Rights such as: Congress "shall not abridge, infringe, deny, disparage, and shall not be violated, nor be denied." Vol. Everybody has a voice now. How would an epistocracy actually work? See for example maxim 89 of Friedrich Nietzsche. 155: What the Bible Says About the Church, Greenies and Commies Partner For Propaganda, Secretary of the Army Guarantees a Lot of Young Soldiers Will Die but Has the Right Thoughts and Feelings, Russell Brand was challenged to give examples of MSNBC pushing misinformation (that was a BAD idea), Biden Abruptly Walks Away After Refusing to Answer Questions on Covid Lab Leak, Biden's FAA Nominee Can't Answer a Single Question About Aviation, Business Tycoon Criticizes Democrat-Run States: 'They Are Punishing People Who Are Successful', 'Stick That Up Their Fact-Checker': Sen. John Kennedy Shares More Trademark Truths, Kamala Harris's Husband Has a Message For All the Super-Progressive, Woke, Liberal Men Out There, The Part of CNN's Interview With Bill Maher That Trump Supporters Probably Won't Like. But the nature of the duty may be similar, because what Brennans model omits is that sometimes, in an election, democracy itself is in danger. Consider (with caveats about his idealistic libertarian arguments) Henry David Thoreau: Jamming the stub of the Greek word for knowledge into the Greek word for rule, Estlund coined the word epistocracy, meaning government by the knowledgeable. Its an idea that advocates of democracy, and other enemies of despotism, will want to resist, he wrote, and he counted himself among the resisters. David Brooks and the Tyranny of Data (57.1 rounded) and 91 percent are not exclusively for respondents who said living in a democracy was It seems, in such an environment, that citizens would feel compelled to get themselves fully up to date on news that matters. I have been slacking. He believes, in other words, that voting is part of a larger market in civic virtue, the way that farming is part of a larger market in food, and he goes so far as to suggest that a businessman who sells food and clothing to Martin Luther King, Jr., is making a genuine contribution to civic virtue, even though he makes it indirectly. Slavery, like arguments against evolution, was propped up by a non-scientific set of beliefs about human beings and race. It is named by the majority and serves it as a passive instrument. The founders laid the ground rules for a republic as written in the Constitution's Article IV, Section 4, which guarantees "to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government.". 1021, Espao Cermica, So Caetano do Sul-SP. Trust should be the highest honor we can bestow on anything or anyone, and with that standard, even when awarded, trust should be reset as often as one bathes. What is that if not the very soul of tyranny under the forms of liberty[17], Robert A. Dahl argues that the tyranny of the majority is a spurious dilemma (p.171):[18]. p.get = noopfn; Of course, there has always been disinformation. The cost difference, to purchase another color for one floor, is not significant when compared with the condominium contributions. When a majority is included in a faction, the form of popular government, on the other hand, enables it to sacrifice to its ruling passion or interest both the public good and the rights of other citizens. Fairness alone didnt seem to be enough. Part of HuffPost Black Voices. Yan men ve dolam a/kapat. } All rights reserved. Each state presumptively held the Sovereign power to block federal laws that infringed upon states' rights, autonomously. For, by doing so the majority would deny the minority the rights necessary to the democratic process. There never was a democracy yet that did not commit suicide. In the United States, lites who feared the ignorance of poor immigrants tried to restrict ballots. This last is the most certain and the most legitimate engine of government. __gaTracker.create = function() { Does anyone think such an enactment would be warrantable? We believe we are right. document.cookie = disableStr + '=true; expires=Thu, 31 Dec 2099 23:59:59 UTC; path=/'; Give President Joe Biden democracy, self-rule, and statehood for Washington, D.C. Now the College Board wants it to be taught with barely any mention of Black Lives Matter. if ( 'undefined' === typeof gaOptout ) { Your email address will not be published. We must look at things anew each time like babes, and again, and again from different angles and with increasing skepticism lest we be fooled and taken hostage or rendered yet another casualty in the war on truth. Voters may also rely on the simple heuristic of throwing out incumbents who have made them unhappy, a technique that in political science goes by the polite name of retrospective voting. Brennan argues that voters dont know enough to do this, either. The second was that universal suffrage is so established in our minds as a default that giving the knowledgeable power over the ignorant will always feel more unjust than giving those in the majority power over those in the minority. Olson argues that when the benefits of political action (e.g., lobbying) are spread over fewer agents, there is a stronger individual incentive to contribute to that political activity. The current popularity of Democracy in America in the United States might have surprised Tocqueville himself, because he wrote the book primarily for a French audience. In other words, by placing evolutionary science within an idealized concept of debate that all issues have multiple credible sides that must be aired equally the essence of science itself is corrupted. Political scientists have long hoped to find an invisible hand in politics comparable to the one that Adam Smith described in economics. Here, I dont want to address the content of either situation above, but focus on the response offered by Coates to debating the Civil War: Two situations come to mind here. With respect to American democracy, Tocqueville, in his book Democracy in America, says: So what is a majority taken as a whole, if not an individual who has opinions and, most often, interests contrary to another individual called the minority. The notion that, in a democracy, the greatest concern is that the majority will tyrannise and exploit diverse smaller interests, has been criticised by Mancur Olson in The Logic of Collective Action, who argues instead that narrow and well organised minorities are more likely to assert their interests over those of the majority. The "no tyranny" and "tyranny" situations can be characterized in any simple democratic decision-making context, as a deliberative assembly. Voter literacy tests werent permanently outlawed by Congress until 1975, years after the civil-rights movement had discredited them. Viewed that way, voting might seem like a form of pure self-expression. Stories that matter delivered to your inbox, mainstream media covering corporal punishment during the Adrian Peterson controversy. Who said democracy is the tyranny of the uninformed who said democracy is the tyranny of the uninformed. Without more details, its difficult to assess Brennans proposal. John Adams captured the essence of the difference between a democracy and republic when he said, "You have rights antecedent to all earthly governments; rights that cannot be repealed or. Who said democracy is the tyranny of the uninformed. A separation of powers (for example a legislative and executive majority actions subject to review by the judiciary) may also be implemented to prevent the problem from happening internally in a government.[4]. Of course democracy has limits. The New Yorker may earn a portion of sales from products that are purchased through our site as part of our Affiliate Partnerships with retailers. Contrast the framers' vision of a republic with that of a democracy. The trouble is that its impossible to know in advance of a battle which side will prevail, let alone by how great a margin, especially if morale itself is a variable. If most voters are uninformed, who should make decisions about the publics welfare? [] The question is whether a majority may rightly use its primary political rights to deprive a minority of its primary political rights.The answer is clearly no. display: inline !important; It could be that voters take a cognitive shortcut, letting broad-brush markers like party affiliation stand in for a close study of candidates qualifications and policy stances. Its possible, though, that democracy works even though political scientists have failed to find a tidy equation to explain it. The framers did their best to create a . (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), A more practical suggestion came from J. S. Mill, in the nineteenth century: give extra votes to citizens with university degrees or intellectually demanding jobs. There are so many voices that people give up sifting through them and instead select the first one that satisfies them. var noopnullfn = function() { We cannot help but flush with anger or fill with satisfaction when a political figure is attacked. Americans remember Benjamin Franklin as one of our founders. [11] In 1994, legal scholar Lani Guinier used the phrase as the title for a collection of law review articles.[12]. Tyranny is a kind of monarchy which has in view the interest of the monarch only; oligarchy has in view the interest of the wealthy; democracy, of the needy: none of them the common good of all. It has been two weeks since my last dark hours post. How to change icon size in samsung s21; Silicone sheets for keloids before and after; A term used in classical and hellenistic greece for oppressive popular rule was ochlocracy (mob rule); Who said democracy is the tyranny of the uninformed 09 jun. mainhi.law@gmail.com, kmunion@phaplynhadat.vn, Dch v chuyn nhng quyn s dng t trn gi, Dch v hp thc ha nh t trn gi uy tn ti TP. Against Estlunds claim that universal suffrage is the default, Brennan argues that its entirely justifiable to limit the political power that the irrational, the ignorant, and the incompetent have over others. In recent memory, sophisticated experts have been confident about many proposals that turned out to be disastrousinvading Iraq, having a single European currency, grinding subprime mortgages into the sausage known as collateralized debt obligations, and so on. "Democracy is two wolves and a lamb voting on what to have for lunch. Writing in defense of the Constitution in March 1788,[7] Adams referred to "a single sovereign assembly, each memberonly accountable to his constituents; and the majority of members who have been of one party" as a "tyranny of the majority", attempting to highlight the need instead for "a mixed government, consisting of three branches". Thats an awfully fine distinction. Bureaucracy is the form of government in which everybody is deprived of political freedom, of the power to act; for the rule by Nobody is not no-rule, and where all are equally powerless we have a tyranny without a tyrant." Hannah Arendt Even in Thoreaus time, there was no debate about slaveryalthough debate was allowed. Additionally, a 301 Moved Permanently error was encountered while trying to use an ErrorDocument to handle the request. Caplan argues that its only because of the worthlessness of an individual vote that so many voters look beyond their narrow self-interest: in the polling booth, the warm, fuzzy feeling of altruism can be had cheap. [9] Ayn Rand wrote that individual rights are not subject to a public vote, and that the political function of rights is precisely to protect minorities from oppression by majorities and "the smallest minority on earth is the individual". img.emoji { Except, statistical chances being what they are as an imperfect human being with limited knowledge of the world and its doings, I am likely wrong about one or two things AT LEAST. As Estlund put it, You might be right, but who made you boss?. When the mob leaders were brought before a jury, they were acquitted. Perhaps, instead, its combat. Variations: None known. Cinzia Aruzza's study is therefore especially welcome and rewarding. What is still more unsettling is that when we think of the war on truth, the war of information being now fought and lost on the pages of the internet, we usually think of the best (those who are right) and the worst (those who are wrong/lying) in terms of us and them, respectively. All Rights Reserved. The document has moved here. It is a centralized decision about all common use rooms, "one color for all rooms", and it is also legitimate. Yan men ve dolam a/kapat. [4] The Federalist , however, was the work of Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison, not Thomas Jefferson; nor does The Federalist contain the . Suppose that the gym room is not used by all, but there is a "community" of regulars, there is a grouping of voters by its activity as speed-cyclists (illustrated as spiked hair), that have the gym room key for some activities on Sundays. Knowledge about politics, Brennan reports, is higher in people who have more education and higher income, live in the West, belong to the Republican Party, and are middle-aged; its lower among blacks and women. var __gaTracker = function() { Who said democracy is the tyranny of the uninformed lady crushers softball team 3, 2022 sadavarte surname caste on who said democracy is the tyranny of the uninformed Silicone sheets for keloids before and after; List of sundown towns in new england; Democracy is nothing but the tyranny of majorities, the most abominable tyranny of all, for it is. It would be much safer, Plato thought, to entrust power to carefully educated guardians. American Politicians have used slander, rumors in conjunction with the media since the eighteenth century. Voters have some arguments against "each room with its color", rationalizing the centralization: some say that common rooms need uniform decisions; /* https://developers.google.com/analytics/devguides/collection/analyticsjs/ */ If you exceed those limits, then you necessarily violate the democratic process. background: none !important; 2| Online Library of Liberty, "Paradoxical class: paradox of interest and political conservatism in middle class", Conceptions of and Corrections to Majoritarian Tyranny, The Tyranny of the Majority: History, Concepts, and Challenges, Moral Minorities and the Making of American Democracy, Alexis de Tocqueville on Tyranny of the Majority from EDSITEment from the National Endowment for the Humanities, Obsessivecompulsive personality disorder, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tyranny_of_the_majority&oldid=1141771572, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles that may contain original research from June 2016, All articles that may contain original research, Articles needing additional references from September 2019, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2013, Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, there is a little "global gain" in a global decision (where, there is relevant voting for a local decision: 6 voters (46%) are, This page was last edited on 26 February 2023, at 18:33. The jury is the majority vested with the right to deliver judgments. argue that: One of the original concerns about direct democracy is the potential it has to allow a majority of voters to trample the rights of minorities. } 5 I use "counter-demotic" to emphasize restraint on popular political influence and participation. In a new book, Against Democracy (Princeton), Jason Brennan, a political philosopher at Georgetown, has turned Estlunds hedging inside out to create an uninhibited argument for epistocracy. window[disableStr] = true; Quotation: "An educated citizenry is a vital requisite for our survival as a free people." If it were, Estlund wrote, why not flip a coin? It must be that we value democracy for tending to get things right more often than not, which democracy seems to do by making use of the information in our votes. Comments: One source attributes this quotation to Jefferson in The Federalist . 2023 BuzzFeed, Inc. All rights reserved. " /> It is the end of a decade, the end of a mini-era. [10] In Herbert Marcuse's 1965 essay Repressive Tolerance, he said "tolerance is extended to policies, conditions, and modes of behavior which should not be tolerated because they are impeding, if not destroying, the chances of creating an existence without fear and misery" and that "this sort of tolerance strengthens the tyranny of the majority against which authentic liberals protested". The restraint is upon the individual instead of the government. Indeed, although this year we seem to be living through a rough patch, democracy does have a fairly good track record. Brennan suggests that since voters in an epistocracy would be more enlightened about crime and policing, excluding the bottom 80 percent of white voters from voting might be just what poor blacks need.. It's Congress that poses the greatest threat to our liberties. He had a sneaking suspicion that a polity ruled by educated voters probably would perform better than a democracy, and he thought that some of the resulting inequities could be remedied. .page-header{background-color:#3f444a}/* General CSS */a:hover,a.light:hover,.theme-heading .text::before,#top-bar-content >a:hover,#top-bar-social li.oceanwp-email a:hover,#site-navigation-wrap .dropdown-menu >li >a:hover,#site-header.medium-header #medium-searchform button:hover,.oceanwp-mobile-menu-icon a:hover,.blog-entry.post .blog-entry-header .entry-title a:hover,.blog-entry.post .blog-entry-readmore a:hover,.blog-entry.thumbnail-entry .blog-entry-category a,ul.meta li a:hover,.dropcap,.single nav.post-navigation .nav-links .title,body .related-post-title a:hover,body #wp-calendar caption,body .contact-info-widget.default i,body .contact-info-widget.big-icons i,body .custom-links-widget .oceanwp-custom-links li a:hover,body .custom-links-widget .oceanwp-custom-links li a:hover:before,body .posts-thumbnails-widget li a:hover,body .social-widget li.oceanwp-email a:hover,.comment-author .comment-meta .comment-reply-link,#respond #cancel-comment-reply-link:hover,#footer-widgets .footer-box a:hover,#footer-bottom a:hover,#footer-bottom #footer-bottom-menu a:hover,.sidr a:hover,.sidr-class-dropdown-toggle:hover,.sidr-class-menu-item-has-children.active >a,.sidr-class-menu-item-has-children.active >a >.sidr-class-dropdown-toggle,input[type=checkbox]:checked:before{color:#00354f}input[type="button"],input[type="reset"],input[type="submit"],button[type="submit"],.button,#site-navigation-wrap .dropdown-menu >li.btn >a >span,.thumbnail:hover i,.post-quote-content,.omw-modal .omw-close-modal,body .contact-info-widget.big-icons li:hover i{background-color:#00354f}.widget-title{border-color:#00354f}blockquote{border-color:#00354f}#searchform-dropdown{border-color:#00354f}.dropdown-menu .sub-menu{border-color:#00354f}.blog-entry.large-entry .blog-entry-readmore a:hover{border-color:#00354f}.oceanwp-newsletter-form-wrap input[type="email"]:focus{border-color:#00354f}.social-widget li.oceanwp-email a:hover{border-color:#00354f}#respond #cancel-comment-reply-link:hover{border-color:#00354f}body .contact-info-widget.big-icons li:hover i{border-color:#00354f}#footer-widgets .oceanwp-newsletter-form-wrap input[type="email"]:focus{border-color:#00354f}input[type="button"]:hover,input[type="reset"]:hover,input[type="submit"]:hover,button[type="submit"]:hover,input[type="button"]:focus,input[type="reset"]:focus,input[type="submit"]:focus,button[type="submit"]:focus,.button:hover,#site-navigation-wrap .dropdown-menu >li.btn >a:hover >span,.post-quote-author,.omw-modal .omw-close-modal:hover{background-color:#001923}a{color:#00354f}.page-header .page-header-title{color:#ffffff}.site-breadcrumbs,.background-image-page-header .site-breadcrumbs{color:#ffffff}.site-breadcrumbs ul li:after{color:#ffffff}.site-breadcrumbs a,.background-image-page-header .site-breadcrumbs a{color:#ffffff}.site-breadcrumbs a:hover,.background-image-page-header .site-breadcrumbs a:hover{color:#bba795}#scroll-top{border-radius:4px}.page-numbers a,.page-numbers span:not(.elementor-screen-only),.page-links span{border-width:2px}form input[type="text"],form input[type="password"],form input[type="email"],form input[type="url"],form input[type="date"],form input[type="month"],form input[type="time"],form input[type="datetime"],form input[type="datetime-local"],form input[type="week"],form input[type="number"],form input[type="search"],form input[type="tel"],form input[type="color"],form select,form textarea{padding:12px 15px 12px 15px}form input[type="text"],form input[type="password"],form input[type="email"],form input[type="url"],form input[type="date"],form input[type="month"],form input[type="time"],form input[type="datetime"],form input[type="datetime-local"],form input[type="week"],form input[type="number"],form input[type="search"],form input[type="tel"],form input[type="color"],form select,form textarea{border-width:1px 1px 4px 1px}form input[type="text"],form input[type="password"],form input[type="email"],form input[type="url"],form input[type="date"],form input[type="month"],form input[type="time"],form input[type="datetime"],form input[type="datetime-local"],form input[type="week"],form input[type="number"],form input[type="search"],form input[type="tel"],form input[type="color"],form select,form textarea,.woocommerce .woocommerce-checkout .select2-container--default .select2-selection--single{border-radius:1px}form input[type="text"],form input[type="password"],form input[type="email"],form input[type="url"],form input[type="date"],form input[type="month"],form input[type="time"],form input[type="datetime"],form input[type="datetime-local"],form input[type="week"],form input[type="number"],form input[type="search"],form input[type="tel"],form input[type="color"],form select,form textarea,.select2-container .select2-choice,.woocommerce .woocommerce-checkout .select2-container--default .select2-selection--single{border-color:#ededed}form input[type="text"]:focus,form input[type="password"]:focus,form input[type="email"]:focus,form input[type="tel"]:focus,form input[type="url"]:focus,form input[type="search"]:focus,form textarea:focus,.select2-drop-active,.select2-dropdown-open.select2-drop-above .select2-choice,.select2-dropdown-open.select2-drop-above .select2-choices,.select2-drop.select2-drop-above.select2-drop-active,.select2-container-active .select2-choice,.select2-container-active .select2-choices{border-color:#e0e0e0}form input[type="text"],form input[type="password"],form input[type="email"],form input[type="url"],form input[type="date"],form input[type="month"],form input[type="time"],form input[type="datetime"],form input[type="datetime-local"],form input[type="week"],form input[type="number"],form input[type="search"],form input[type="tel"],form input[type="color"],form select,form textarea,.woocommerce .woocommerce-checkout .select2-container--default .select2-selection--single{background-color:#ffffff}/* Top Bar CSS */#top-bar-wrap{border-color:#ffffff}#top-bar-wrap,#top-bar-content strong{color:#020202}#top-bar-content a,#top-bar-social-alt a{color:#2c2c2c}#top-bar-social li a{color:#020202}#top-bar-social li a:hover{color:#1e73be!important}/* Header CSS */#site-logo #site-logo-inner,.oceanwp-social-menu .social-menu-inner,#site-header.full_screen-header .menu-bar-inner,.after-header-content .after-header-content-inner{height:84px}#site-navigation-wrap .dropdown-menu >li >a,.oceanwp-mobile-menu-icon a,.after-header-content-inner >a{line-height:84px}#site-header,.has-transparent-header .is-sticky #site-header,.has-vh-transparent .is-sticky #site-header.vertical-header,#searchform-header-replace{background-color:#020202}#site-header{border-color:#ad8971}#site-header.has-header-media .overlay-header-media{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.5)}#site-logo a.site-logo-text{color:#2c2c2c}#site-navigation-wrap .dropdown-menu >li >a,.oceanwp-mobile-menu-icon a,#searchform-header-replace-close{color:#ffffff}#site-navigation-wrap .dropdown-menu >li >a:hover,.oceanwp-mobile-menu-icon a:hover,#searchform-header-replace-close:hover{color:#bababa}.dropdown-menu .sub-menu,#searchform-dropdown,.current-shop-items-dropdown{background-color:#050505}.dropdown-menu ul li a.menu-link{color:#ffffff}/* Footer Widgets CSS */#footer-widgets{background-color:#020202}#footer-widgets,#footer-widgets p,#footer-widgets li a:before,#footer-widgets .contact-info-widget span.oceanwp-contact-title,#footer-widgets .recent-posts-date,#footer-widgets .recent-posts-comments,#footer-widgets .widget-recent-posts-icons li .fa{color:#ffffff}#footer-widgets li,#footer-widgets #wp-calendar caption,#footer-widgets #wp-calendar th,#footer-widgets #wp-calendar tbody,#footer-widgets .contact-info-widget i,#footer-widgets .oceanwp-newsletter-form-wrap input[type="email"],#footer-widgets .posts-thumbnails-widget li,#footer-widgets .social-widget li a{border-color:rgba(32,35,38,0)}#footer-widgets .footer-box a,#footer-widgets a{color:#75828c}#footer-widgets .footer-box a:hover,#footer-widgets a:hover{color:#ffffff}/* Footer Bottom CSS */#footer-bottom{background-color:#020202}#footer-bottom,#footer-bottom p{color:#ffffff}#footer-bottom a,#footer-bottom #footer-bottom-menu a{color:#75828c}#footer-bottom a:hover,#footer-bottom #footer-bottom-menu a:hover{color:#ffffff}/* Typography CSS */body{font-family:Montserrat;color:#1e1e1e}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,.theme-heading,.widget-title,.oceanwp-widget-recent-posts-title,.comment-reply-title,.entry-title,.sidebar-box .widget-title{font-family:Libre Baskerville}#top-bar-content,#top-bar-social-alt{letter-spacing:.6px;text-transform:uppercase}#site-navigation-wrap .dropdown-menu >li >a,#site-header.full_screen-header .fs-dropdown-menu >li >a,#site-header.top-header #site-navigation-wrap .dropdown-menu >li >a,#site-header.center-header #site-navigation-wrap .dropdown-menu >li >a,#site-header.medium-header #site-navigation-wrap .dropdown-menu >li >a,.oceanwp-mobile-menu-icon a{font-family:Libre Baskerville;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;letter-spacing:1px}.sidebar-box .widget-title{font-size:12px}#footer-widgets .footer-box .widget-title{font-size:11px}#footer-bottom #copyright{letter-spacing:1px;text-transform:uppercase}#footer-bottom #footer-bottom-menu{letter-spacing:1px;text-transform:uppercase}.