Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Organizational Politics. The first government chiefs, appointed from 1912 onwards, represented a measure of continuity with the pre-colonial order, since they were nearly all drawn from the ranks of the clan leaders. When not disrupted or dispossessed by the violence endemic since the mid-1980s, most Acholi remain primarily mixed farmers. The Acholi, a Nilotic Lwo-speaking ethnic group, live predominantly in the central region of northern Uganda, an space collectively named to known as Acholiland. Uganda Journal 7(1): 27-43. At first fighting against the insurgence of the army of the central government, the (1936). In the administrative structure of Uganda, Acholi is composed of the districts of: It encompasses about 28,500km2 (11,000 square miles) near the Uganda-Sudan border.[5]. From the Village to Entebbe: The Acholi of Northern Uganda and . portrayed this relationship in his account as rather hostile and negative: Most of these Arabs carrying business of slave trade were coming from Egypt, they Religion of the Central Luo. million first language speakers at the time. Estimated at 1,470,554 (4.4 per cent in the 2014 census). Further he described how this negative experience led to generally negative attitudes towards Updates? Historian Mark Curtis says that after Amin instigated a coup, Britain, the United States, and Israel quietly backed Amin and his campaign against the socialist-leaning President Milton Obote in 1971. They also oversaw village-lineage ritual and chiefdomwide ritual, were the main advisors to their rwot, and were responsible for most of the social control exercised in Acholi. He understood the emergence of an Acholi identity as a final step in a social process that did not [26] Conservative approaches estimates that at least 300,000 people died in the conflict that extended into the Sudan, Congo and Central African Republic. Encyclopedia.com. limited wealth in the society and redistribution. Peace negotiations to end the long-running rebellion by the Lords Resistance Army continued, while security in the north improved through 2007. This has continued in various guises ever since. aimed at achieving clearly-defined political goals, which typically benefit the interests of their members. The Acholi were considered a martial people by the British, and many joined the military. Contemporary versions or amalgams of these practitioners continue to function in Acholi. In 2009, Acholi was one of the six Ugandan languages identified as having more than one Political organizations are those engaged in political activities (e.g., lobbying, community organizing, campaign advertising, etc.) The thesis will centre not on the inevitability of the war, but will instead focus on the political processes that preceded it. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. PUBLISHED: 27/01/2023. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. ETHNONYMS: Balumbila, Batoka, Batonga, Bawe, Toka social control in the area. The Southern Lwoo language group Localized lineages have been the fundamental social units in Acholi, with chiefdoms providing a layer of organization above the lineages from the late seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries. Political Organization. Over the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, some seventy chiefdoms were founded throughout the area that became Acholi, leading to the development of a new social order and political culture, the spread of a new language (Luo), and the evolution of a new society and collective identity. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Approximately 2.1 million Acholi were counted in the Uganda census of 2014, and 45,000 more were living in South Sudan in 2000.[4]. in the Western Nilotic branch of Nilo-Saharan. )[9], "Since independence in 1962, Uganda has been plagued by ethnically driven, politically manipulated violence referred to by some as a history of 'cycles of revenge and mistrust'. Encyclopedia.com. Milton Obote, the independence leader, relied heavily on the support of his fellow Luo-speakers - Acholi and Langi - in government. [10] General Tito Okello was an Acholi, and came to power in a military coup. Vincent (2012). the furthest back is the historical reconstruction by Atkinson (2011 [1994]), who described the A Study of the Acooli Language: Grammar and Vocabulary. "In 1997, the Catholic, Anglican, Muslim, and later the Orthodox religious leaders of Acholi formalized their increasing cooperation on peace issues by setting up the Acholi Religious Leaders' Peace Initiative (ARLPI). Makerere University (Kampala), Department of Geography. M.A. The purpose of the cookie is to determine if the user's browser supports cookies. their clans, giving them the ability to accumulate wealth and power beyond their rights to land occur, however, it was usually limited in scope, with relatively few The Acholi region is bordered in the west by the districts Used by Google DoubleClick and stores information about how the user uses the website and any other advertisement before visiting the website. In the past, medical problems were addressed through approaches to various spirits, by visits to diviners, and by the use of herbs, roots, and other folk medicines. many of them children, the conflict led to the displacement of millions. The Acholi have a modified Iroquois kinship-terminology system, reflecting Acholi's patrilineal and patrilocal ideology. Even bride-wealth marriages are now often mainly nuclear-family affairs, and other alternatives to traditional marriage are common. The Taxpayer First Act, Pub. ." census of 2014, those seven districts were combined inhabited by just under 1.4 million people https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi, "Acholi (February 23, 2023). of mutual intelligibility amongst each other, they were at times interpreted as a dialectal cluster with the British was through Samuel Baker. Large, dry-season hunts were an important part of the precolonial economy; these gradually decreased in significance as the varied roster of both large and small game animals dwindled over the twentieth century. The civil war devastated the lives and livelihoods of the Acholi people of the north. Atkinson (2011 [1994]) wrote on this issue: First came the establishment of new, chiefly, socio-political institutions and ideology. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. The state is a form of human association distinguished from other social groups by its purpose, the establishment of order and security; its methods, the laws and their enforcement; its territory, the area of jurisdiction or geographic boundaries; and finally by its sovereignty . Due to its central location and the close point to the most recent violent conflict was the overthrow of the Okello-led government by the The Acholi are proud and loud, but have been exposed as a group without a uniting leadership. Over the twentieth century, chiefdoms in Acholi have become vestigial institutions, and the fences that once enclosed villages have disappeared. Uganda, leading raids all over the region. Occasional Paper no. According to the latest census, there are 1.47 million ethnic Acholi in Uganda, amounting to 4.4 per cent of the total population. Until 1967 Uganda was a quasi-federal polity that included five subregional monarchies, non-monarchical districts, and a central government. As they have for centuries, Acholi farmers rely mainly on iron hoes and other hand tools. After his own father, however, a man's strongest kinship ties are typically with his mother's brother. in Acholi since the mid-1980s) have led to a breakdown of any meaningful The account of the Acholi reaching journalist who created an account of the history and traditions of the Acholi, wrote that the Traditionally, a young man was dependent upon his lineage head and elders both for permission to marry and for the material goods required for bride-wealth; elders of the woman's lineage were also much involved in the discussions and negotiations surrounding the marriage. 1orthern Uganda or Acholiland is formally known as the Acholi sub-region, an area inhab N - ited primarily by speakers of the Acholi language, whom I refer to as the Acholi. Industrial Arts. The relationship between the Acholi and the British had for a long time been rather loose and Crazzolara, J. P. (1938). Customs may reinforce social justifications for inequitable land rights for men and women. 61). Significantly, iron-ore deposits were located mainly at or just beyond the western, northeastern, southeastern, and southern boundaries of what became Acholi, and trade for this iron created networks of movement and interaction that helped determine a collective identity within these boundaries. The system values peace over justice, and has retributive and restorative aspects. Trade. It refers to people known locally as Luo Gang. 2.4. The Acholi live in small hamlets among patrilineal kin. neighboring chiefdoms within the same zone. Nevertheless, many remain in a state of displacement. The chiefs traditionally came from one clan, and each chiefdom had several villages made up of different patrilineal clans. The personal and group loss resulting from death is acknowledged as real and permanent. 1679-1914." This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Women also provide major labor in the fields, as well as being responsible for most child rearing and all cooking and other food-preparation tasks. Killing of a person was prohibited but if it took place, negotiations for blood money were led by the victim's family, with agreement followed by rituals of a reconciliation ceremony to restore the killer to the community, and to bring peace between clans. second Milton Obote regimes, however, as well as of the various rebel common identity had already formed prior to that during the 18th century. Ethnic group of South Sudan and Northern Uganda, Atkinson, Ronald R. "The Evolution of Ethnicity among the Acholi of Uganda: The Precolonial Phase.". [9], In the 2000s, James Ojent Latigo described some of Uganda's social problems as based on the way the political elites have used ethnicities to divide the country. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customised ads. The presumed nominal forebears of the present-day Acholi group migrated South to Northern Uganda from the area now known as Bahr el Ghazal in South Sudan by about 1,000 AD. The cookie also tracks the behavior of the user across the web on sites that have Facebook pixel or Facebook social plugin. Hansen, Holger B., and Michael Twaddle, eds. Mothers are responsible for the initial care of their children and for much of their socialization.
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