They believe they have good values, rational thoughts, and strengths. Such a reaction will be ambiguous to both parties and difficult to interpret. Sun Microsystems uses the accrual basis of accounting and recognizes revenue at the time it sells goods or renders services. . What was the highest marginal tax rate for married taxpayers in 1970? : Men are more intelligent. d. aggression. An unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members. attitude. Influence (conforming) resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval. This best illustrates. B) the tendency to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions on another's behavior. The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request. We commonly say that we should not label others but we cannot help but do so. the tendency to favor one's own group quizlet. For instance, the constitution of the United States attempted to ensure that all people were represented by the government and could participate in the creation of government. This experiment best illustrated the impact of, The discomfort we feel when 2 thoughts are inconsistent is called, Unconsciously mimicking those around us is known as the, We tend to feel cheerful around happy people and sad around depressed people. An allocator divides a large sum of money among three groups of around 20 recipients each and also to themselves. social class, family, football team etc.) b. implicit prejudice. c. The need to be accepted by others is a powerful motivating force. He believes in strict obedience to authority and is intolerant of weakness in others. Weddings are generally happy occasions (it is more appropriate to say congratulations than I am so sorry), they are formal affairs (people typically dress up), and they usually include food (you dont need to stop and eat before attending the wedding). d. the blame-the-victim phenomenon. Confirmation bias occurs from the direct influence of desire on beliefs. This belief best illustrates: While visiting the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp shortly after World War II, one German civilian is said to have remarked, "What terrible criminals these prisoners must have been to receive such treatment." The frustration-aggression principle most clearly applies to individuals with higher-than-average levels of: An increase in ________ has been followed by more positive attitudes between South African Whites and Blacks. maxxa+ysubjecttopx+y=m. The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. (Check the elasticity of px(p,m)p x^*(p, m)px(p,m) w.r.t. a. deindividuation. In the context of distinctiveness, you are most likely to introduce your roommate to your friends as: When the British made a group of German civilians walk through a concentration camp at the close of World War II, one German responded: "What terrible criminals these prisoners must have been to receive such treatment." At its heart, SDO rests on a fundamental belief that the world is tough and competitive with only a limited number of resources. High rates of violence are most common among those who experience minimal levels of: Rudman, L. A., & Ashmore, R. D. (2007). Groups give us a sense of social identity: a sense of belonging to the social world. skepticism. an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives. She goes against the common idea of older adults as being weak or unhealthy. And a stereotypical old person would be seen as high in warmth but lower in competence. c. social facilitation. People are often biased against others outside of their own social group, showing prejudice (emotional bias), stereotypes (cognitive bias), and discrimination (behavioral bias). For example, by crediting the ingroup for its successes, while blaming external factors for its failures. 2022. d. less; less, The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, Literature and Composition: Reading, Writing,Thinking, Carol Jago, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses. They have relatively high levels of serotonin and low levels of testosterone. This shows that: The "we" aspect of our self-concept is what social psychologists call: people's motivation to avoid prejudice is internal. A situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior. They are automatic, ambiguous, and ambivalent, but nonetheless biased, unfair, and disrespectful to a belief in equality. d. women tend to share similar attitudes about sex. nearness; the greater the exposure one has to another person, the more one generally comes to like that person. This includes interference, displacement, and Stereotypes are the _______ component of a negative attitude towards a group of people. (a) Find the demand functions, x(p,m)x^*(p, m)x(p,m) and y(p,m)y^*(p, m)y(p,m). On April 30, 2016, the petty cash fund contained vouchers totaling$171.40 plus $26.10 of currency. a. amygdala The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable. The tendency to ignore information about general principles in favor of very specific but vivid information. This is best illustrated in studies of, Prejudice is most likely to develop as a way of justifying, Most children believe their school is better than the other schools in town. The change in Raul's behavior best illustrates the impact of, A culture that promotes individualism is most likely to encourage, Participants in the Milgram obedience studies were ordered to, Deliver electric shocks to a learner for giving incorrect answers, Most people are likely to be surprised by the results of Milgram's initial obedience experiment because, The "teachers" were more obedient than most people would have predicted. Exam 1 Dr. Joie, age 19, is a Black female university sophomore. What groups illustrate ambivalent biases, seemingly competent but cold, or warm but incompetent? For example, imagine that a person believes left-handed people are more creative than right-handed people. For example, a job interviewer might have two qualified applicants; a man and a woman. Groupthink: . C) a perceived incompatibility of actions or goals. In order for a transaction to be recorded in a business accounting records, the effects of the transaction must be faithfully represented. C) a loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity. Women are in poverty and are uneducated more. Other Quizlet sets. This fact is consistent with the principle that ________ breeds prejudice. Narcissism is the tendency to view one's own culture or group as superior to others is a false statement. Ethnocentrism. (2020). c. outgroup bias. The tendency to favor one's own . B) ingroup bias. Pablo and Sabina's failure to resolve their argument for their mutual benefit illustrates a failure to develop. Where stereotypes are related to thinking, prejudices are more emotional in nature. For example, rich people are often viewed as competent but cold. swissworld: saisons If someone is in our "ingroup," we are more likely to trust them. Answer 23:- Ethnocentrism is the tendency to view one's own cultu . What entry (debit or credit) does the recipient record? In the 21st century, however, with social group categories even more complex, biases may be transforming. A) the tendency to favor members of one's own group. We study in-group favouritism and out-group discrimination in a multiplayer dictator game in a naturally occuring group setting. model of love based on three components: intimacy, passion, and commitment; several types of love exist, depending on the presence or absence of each of these components. More recently, during the COVID-19 pandemic, some people held hostile views of Asian-Americans, who they perceived as being associated with the coronavirus (Misra, Le, Goldmann & Yang, 2020). How can people learn to get along with people who seem different from them? The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives. It applies U.S. GAAP and reports in U.S. dollars. Aggression As a result, the White person may give a good excuse to avoid such awkward situations. tendency. d. sensory cortex. C) selective perception. D) the effects of exposure to violent pornography. 1. a natural or prevailing disposition to move, proceed, or act in some direction or toward some point, end, or result. Explaining behaviors based on outside factors influencing and individual. Blatant biases (also called explicit biases) are conscious beliefs, feelings, and behavior that people are perfectly willing to admit, which express hostility toward other groups (outgroups) while unduly favoring ones own group (in-group). the tendency to favor one's own group quizlet the tendency to favor one's own group quizlet. Greenwald, A. G., Poehlman, T. A., Uhlmann, E. L., & Banaji, M. R. (2009). 1. A change in behavior following a demand from an authority figure. 3. a special and definite purpose in a novel or other literary work. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias: just-world phenomenon But when he noticed several adults walk past the man, he concluded that the man did not need any help. The girls are reacting to: Your new roommate is from Ireland. 30. Was the White person right to avoid the situation so that neither person would feel uncomfortable? Discrimination is a behavior bias against a person (or group) based on stereotyped beliefs about that group. a. Chinese people tend to look pretty much alike. A generalized (sometimes accurate, but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people. Experience increasing attraction to novel stimuli that become more familiar. This best illustrates that victim blaming is fueled by: For example, researchers have found that those who score higher on SDO are usually lower than average on tolerance, empathy, altruism, and community orientation. Do you know more people from different kinds of social groups than your parents did? We naturally categorize people by age, language, occupation, ethnicity, income, and many other qualities. Representativeness Heuristic The tendency to make judgments about group membership based on physical appearances or the match between a person and one's stereotype of a group rather than on available base rate information. Although categorizing can be useful, it can also result in serious and negative consequences when labels are associated with a person or groups worth. They are motivated by . This effect has been researched by many psychologists and linked to many theories related to group . This module focuses on biases against individuals based on group membership and against groups. In our soccer example, one set of children will focus on their own desire to play without really regarding the similar desire of the other class as equal and legitimate. Attitude change path in which interested people focus on the arguments, facts and respond with favorable thoughts. other-race effect: the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. Unselfish regard for the welfare of others. Psychology questions and answers. The results from research using the IAT are consistent with social identity theory. University students were observed to pull harder on a rope when they thought they were pulling alone than when they thought three others were pulling with them on the same rope. According to Gallup's polling . Liking yourself and the groups to which you belong is natural. Notably, the combination of high RWA and high SDO predicts joining hate groups that openly endorse aggression against minority groups, immigrants, homosexuals, and believers in non-dominant religions (Altemeyer, 2004). Studies have revealed diminished activity in the ________ of violent criminals. Identities are not so simple, but maybe as the 21st century unfurls, we will recognize each other by the content of our individual character instead of against the backdrop of stereotypes. Racial stereotypes of one hundred college students. Thus, those high inSDO see groups as battling each other for these resources, with winners at the top of the social hierarchy and losers at the bottom (see Table 1). d. They have relatively high levels of serotonin and high levels of testosterone. self-fulfilling. The tendency to recall faces of one's own face more accurately than faces of other races. d. vivid cases. For example, the SDO gender difference (men higher, women lower) appears all over the world. This best illustrates the value of, Sharing household chores ranks high on a list of things people associate with successful marriages. Sadly, this can result in consequential discrimination, such as allocating fewer resources to disliked outgroups (Rudman & Ashmore, 2009). (Mob Mentality), The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group. Study Resources. . Log in Join. believing in the superiority of one's own ethnic and cultural group, and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups . For example, if two classes of children want to play on the same soccer field, the classes will come to dislike each other not because of any real, objectionable traits about the other group. An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them. Pages 14 People who score higher on the scale show more ingroup favoritism in comparison with those who score lower on it (Stangor & Thompson, 2002). the tendency to favor our own group: scapegoat theory: the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame: other-race effect: the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. The dislike originates from each classs favoritism toward itself and the fact that only one group can play on the soccer field at a time. Consequently, the girls in his class become apprehensive when preparing and giving speeches in his class. Ethnocentrism is the term that denotes this kind of behavior. The tenency to favor our own group: Term. Altemeyer, B. B) We identify o We compare Ingroup bias o Tendency to favor ones own group o. Assume that p,q,rp, q, rp,q,r, and sss represent propositions, Misra, S., Le, P.T., Goldmann, E. & Yang, L.H. First, people are interested in understanding the intentions of others. Social facilitation refers to the tendency to, Perform well learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others, Expert pool players were observed to make 71 percent of their shots when alone. What term best describes Elena's behavior? exclusivity. Research on gender attitudes conducted by Alice Eagly and her associates (1991) and Geoffrey Haddock and Mark Zanna (1994) suggests: Greenwald and his colleagues (2003) asked both Black and White participants to press a "shoot" button when the target appeared to be holding a gun rather than a harmless object such as a flashlight. Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) is sometimes called the ________ gene. There are also lots of stereotypes regarding each race. tendency: 1 n an inclination to do something Synonyms: leaning , propensity Type of: inclination that toward which you are inclined to feel a liking n an attitude of mind especially one that favors one alternative over others "a tendency to be too strict" Synonyms: disposition , inclination Types: show 31 types. Women cannot drive. People higher on SDO tend to choose and thrive in occupations that maintain existing group hierarchies (police, prosecutors, business), compared to those lower in SDO, who tend to pick more equalizing occupations (social work, public defense, psychology). c. animals can be bred for aggressiveness. Trellis8. How is it that entire groups of people were left out of political participation, justice, and freedom? Next, categorization can also lead to prejudice. (Fiske, Cuddy, & Glick, 2007). Social dominance orientation (SDO) describes a belief that group hierarchies are inevitable in all societies and are even a good idea to maintain order and stability (Sidanius & Pratto, 1999). Group-serving bias (or ultimate attribution error). Research on the biology of aggression has clearly demonstrated that: c. frontal lobes Categories . Influence (conforming) resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality. Participants paid $1 more likely to change their beliefs about the task. When she gets home in the evening, she criticizes her friend's choice of restaurant for dinner. Word, C. O., Zanna, M. P., & Cooper, J. Common stereotypes of people from all sorts of categories and occupations turn out to classify them along these two dimensions (see Figure 1). In fact, this finding generally holds regardless of whether ones group is measured according race, age, religion, nationality, and even temporary, insignificant memberships. These two simple dimensionswarmth and competencetogether map how groups relate to each other in society. Such a question would be preposterous if you were only surrounded by members of your own group. An understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. In the context of the relationship between religion and racial prejudice, if one defines religiousness as church membership, then the more religious people have ________. Alex is likely to conform to their opinion if, He feels insecure in his role as a new member of the team, After hearing respected medical authorities lecture about the value of regular exercise, Raul, who has rarely exercised, begins to jog regularly. Was the White person wrong because they will never learn to be comfortable if they avoid contact? a. desensitizing them to violent acts. Tajfel, H., Billig, M. G., Bundy, R. P., & Flament, C. (1971). Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias, The tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get. scapegoat theory: the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame. We group household objects together as furniture, certain domestic animals as pets, and certain books as classics. Categories are helpful because they provide a mental roadmap for how to interact in novel situations. does not simply mean taking pride in one's group; it also involves asserting the group's superiority over other groups. Overgeneralized beliefs about a group of people that often underlie prejudicial emotions are called, Studies of implicit attitudes indicate that prejudice is often, Prejudice can be not only subtle but also automatic and unconscious. We categorize people according to their citizenship, gender, allegiance to a sports team, and university affiliation, among other qualities. Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard. d. oxytocin. b. the just-world phenomenon. Attitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues, emotional responses such as a speaker's attractiveness. Which branch of psychology is most connected with the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another, Attribution theory was designed to account for, Ksana insists that her boyfriends car accident resulted form his carelessness. B) an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members. Plan a vacation in Switzerland that centers around its natural landscape. a. Chinese people tend to look pretty much alike. Intergroup bias. (Ask a partner what he or she orders in a restaurant in the following situations.). Most people also identify as members of certain groups but not others. This best illustrates the perceived value of, The tragic murder of Kitty Genovese outside her New York apartment stimulated social-psychological research on. a. cognitive dissonance. In the abstract these mental maps can help us understand how to interact with new people based on educated guesses about their category. Indicate the amount of expenses (if any) the firm recognizes during the months of June, July, and August in each of the following hypothetical transactions. We also want to know whether the members of the group are competent enough to act on their good or ill intentions. Female 2: I can be hard to figure out Male 2: and I like my privacy. b. Right-wing authoritarianism, left-wing authoritarianism, and pandemic-mitigation authoritarianism. The tendency to favor an idea, person, or thing over another is known as Multiple Choice rebuttal. The larger issue, however, is that own-group preference often results in liking other groups less. Receives a utility bill on July 2 totaling $4,560 for services received during June. Blatant bias is not a thing of the past, however. Mr. Wong, a high school teacher, tells his class that he thinks boys tend to be less anxious and, thus, give better speeches than girls. C) a perceived incompatibility of actions or goals. His action is best explained in terms of the, Aggression-replacement programs are most likely to advise parents to avoid, In contrast to watching violence on television, participating in violent video games involves, The mere exposure effect refers to the fact that people. An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship. Female 1: I have my ups and downs just like anybody else. When four people watched them, they made 80 percent of their shots. By understanding this natural human tendency, you can focus on finding ways to cut other people a break and to stop expecting the worst. A tendency to favor one's own group is called: been more racially prejudiced than others.
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