112. Nikolai runs past, grabs some of the cookies, and runs away. 111. 20. b. sociocultural c. cognitive-behavioral therapy. According to Freuds psychodynamic theory, at birth the child is in the: a. oral stage. Both groups were frustrated when deprived of the coveted toy. 134. A self-help group differs from group therapy in that the self-help group: a. focuses on less serious problems. Defense mechanisms include the following: For more on defense mechanisms, please visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/fulfillment-any-age/201110/the-essential-guide-defense-mechanisms. b. existential therapy. In order to prevent anxiety in the future, it is common practice to expose someone to stressful situations. This thought is an example of: a. depression. If a mother seems excessively involved in her childs life such that the two do not seem to be independent people, their relationship is said to be: a. externalized. a. sociocultural b. biocultural c. psychocultural d. cognitive-cultural. Antipsychotics are used to treat psychosis or conditions that affect the mind, and in which there has been some loss of contact with reality, often including delusions (false, fixed beliefs) or hallucinations (hearing or seeing things that are not really there). They can be used to treat eating disorders, severe depression, PTSD, OCD, ADHD, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder. d. sociocultural. a. very small; selectively b. large; selectively c. large; openly d. small; openly, 142. Would you want notes from the student in the front or back of the class? b. The biopsychosocial model states that biological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors are all equally significant ingredients in producing both normal and abnormal behavior.. The nervous system moves quickly with nerve impulses moving in a few hundredths of a second. Freuds psychosexual stages of personality development are listed below. Which model of abnormality does this quote MOST closely represent? Anti-anxiety medications such as benzodiazepines are effective in relieving anxiety and take effect more quickly than the antidepressant medications (or buspirone) often prescribed for anxiety. Before the race begins, she thinks, "I won't be able to do this!" b. give insightful interpretations of the clients statements. b. secondary prevention. A) illogical thinking patterns. Based on related research, we would expect this person to have a _____ number of offline friends and to _____ share information with them. These therapies have proven efficacy for the treatment of depression (Kalibatseva & Leong, 2014) and schizophrenia (Naeem et al., 2015). Anti-anxiety medications help with the symptoms of anxiety and include benzodiazepines such as Clonazepam, Alprazolam, and Lorazepam. c. psychodynamic. Terms in this set (124) Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socio-economic background. In terms of psychological perspectives, Freuds psychodynamic theory; the learning-related research of Watson, Skinner, and Bandura and Rotter; the cognitive model; and the humanistic and existential perspectives were discussed. b. change behaviors that are damaging to the relationship. Thorndike also said that stimulus and responses were connected by the organism, and this led to learning. Differentiate uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality. b. Rogers. What happened to that bad behavior that had disappeared? They are tied to experiences early in life. 147. Mental illness itself occurs from the interaction of multiple genes and other factorssuch as stress, abuse, or a traumatic eventwhich can influence, or trigger, an illness in a person who has an inherited susceptibility to it (https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mental-health-causes-mental-illness#1). Resistance and transference are terms most likely used by which model? A therapist pays close attention to what their client has to say and then makes an effort to show accurate empathy and sincerity in their responses. The psychologist credited with paving the way for psychologists to practice psychotherapy is: The psychologist who is said to have made it possible for psychologists to do psychotherapy is called "the pioneer." More specifically, cognitive distortions/maladaptive cognitions can take the following forms: 2.3.3.5. b. Freud. Here are the models we will examine in this module: You should have learned the following in this section: Proponents of the biological model view mental illness as being a result of a malfunction in the body to include issues with brain anatomy or chemistry. Participants have similar issues. Often, proponents of a given model find themselves in disagreement with proponents of other models. This therapy is BEST described as: a. relational psychoanalytic therapy. According to family systems theory, this family is characterized by: a. enmeshed structure. Which model emphasizes the importance of conditioning in determining human actions? All of the following are leading kinds of biological treatments used today EXCEPT: a. drug therapy. As you might expect, if reinforcement occurs after extinction has started, the behavior will re-emerge. Why is the psychodynamic model difficult to research? Abnormal chemical activity in the bodys endocrine system relates to the release of: a. hormones. B) chemical imbalances and brain damage. 156. Critics of the behavioral perspective point out that it oversimplifies behavior and often ignores inner determinants of behavior. In other words, they present themselves in a favorable light. During a therapy session, a client is told to pretend the therapist is her parent and to tell her "parent" why she is angry. Ego-defense mechanisms are in place to protect us from this pain but are considered maladaptive if they are misused and become our primary way of dealing with stress. d. Genes do not interact with the environment. a. Sociocultural; biological b. Psychodynamic; existential c. Humanistic; cognitive-behavioral d. Cognitive-behavioral; psychodynamic. 143. Postconditioning, or after learning has occurred, establishes a new and not naturally occurring relationship of a conditioned stimulus (CS; previously the NS) and conditioned response (CR; the same response). A feminist therapist would MOST likely focus on: a. a womans personal responsibility for her own situation. The _____ model of abnormality pays particular attention to the clients family structure, societal norms, and the clients roles in society. None of the models are complete within themselves. b. modeling. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord; the former we will discuss briefly and in terms of key structures which include: Of course, this is not an exhaustive list of structures found in the brain but gives you a pretty good idea of function and which structure is responsible for it. b. prevention. Existential therapy is used to treat substance abuse, excessive anxiety, apathy, alienation, nihilism, avoidance, shame, addiction, despair, depression, guilt, anger, rage, resentment, embitterment, purposelessness, psychosis, and violence. c. axons. Finally, psychoanalytic treatment is expensive and time consuming, and since Freuds time, drug therapies have become more popular and successful. It is present at birth, completely unconscious, and operates on the pleasure principle, resulting in selfishly seeking immediate gratification of our needs no matter what the cost. It is difficult to research this perspective. Individuals who are in a long-term relationship. This therapy is BEST described as: Your romantic partner of four years ends the relationship suddenly and cuts off all contact. These are the same four discussed under respondent conditioning. The patient continues but always reaches a point when he/she cannot or will not proceed any further. A person engages in multiple online discussions with a large number of friends on Facebook. Of course, most people do not experience this but instead are made to feel that they can only be loved and respected if they meet certain standards, called conditions of worth. According to Freud, another term for the symbolic meaning of dreams is: a. positive transference. d. psychophysical. According to the behaviorists, disordered behavior is a result of _____________. According to Freuds psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that operates by the morality principle is the: a. id. First, free association involves the patient describing whatever comes to mind during the session. 34. b. a distorted view of the self. Types include habituation, or when we simply stop responding to repetitive and harmless stimuli in our environment such as a fan running in your laptop as you work on a paper, and sensitization, or when our reactions are increased due to a strong stimulus, such as an individual who experienced a mugging and now panics when someone walks up behind him/her on the street. Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socio-economic background. Shonda responds by changing the subject. Only about 10 percent of those who receive couple therapy eventually divorce. A person has a recurring dream of losing her dog. The good thing is that what is learned can be unlearned or relearned through behavior modification, the process of changing behavior. Someone who studies the _____ model of abnormality focuses on how values and choices affect behavior. Finally, assertiveness training aids the client in protecting their rights and obtaining what they want from others. c. psychodynamic. The child learns to interact with others without yelling. Freud believed that the three central forces that shape the personality were: a. instincts, the ego, and the self. Gestalt therapy is similar to mindfulness techniques in its emphasis on: a. using I language. Which example BEST describes conditions of worth? Please note that we will not cover this process in full, but just the parts relevant to our topic of psychopathology. 141. b. cognitive-behavioral This process is called counterconditioning, or the reversal of previous learning. According to the cognitive-behavioral model, this is an example of _____ behavior. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality? The use of these drugs has been generally beneficial to patients. What about other students in the class that you know? Stimulants increase ones alertness and attention and are frequently used to treat ADHD. Third, he relied solely on the reports of his patients and sought no observer reports. In explaining why women are diagnosed with anxiety disorders and depression twice as often as men, multicultural therapists would focus on: prejudice and discrimination faced by women. In this family, the children are also discouraged from asking for advice or seeking support. 2.3.3.4. d. They are the brains attempts to understand abnormal electrical activity. Which of the following is NOT influenced by the paradigm to which an investigator subscribes? 12. It exists in the nucleus of each cell, packaged in threadlike structures known as chromosomes, for which we have 23 pairs or 46 total. In Banduras experiment, children were first brought into a room to watch a video of an adult playing nicely or aggressively with a Bobo doll, which provided a model. What form do these consequences take? For more information on psychotropic medications, please visit: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/mental-health-medications/index.shtml. Identify and define important neurotransmitters. For social skills training, identify the appropriate social behavior such as making eye contact, saying no to a request, or starting up a conversation with a stranger and determine whether the client is inhibited from making this behavior due to anxiety. d. catharsis. 164. 137. 128. A therapist who assumes this describes a phobia acquired from classical conditioning MOST likely favors which model of abnormality? d. An investigators preferred paradigm influences how they interpret research findings. It is most likely that his psychotherapist is a ____ therapist. Uni-dimensional models alone are too simplistic to explain the etiology of mental disorders fully. Primary refers to reinforcers and punishers that have their effect without having to be learned. 50. With its emphasis on abstract human values and responsibility, the humanistic-existential model does all of the following EXCEPT: If a client-centered therapist were treating a very anxious woman, the therapist would try to: show unconditional positive regard for the client's statements. The defense mechanism that BEST explains his behavior is: The antenna-like extensions located at one end of the neuron are called: A therapist identifies a biological factor in a patient with depression. The second major CBT strategy is called cognitive coping skills training. c. neurotransmitters. 138. Males have X and Y chromosomes while females have two Xs. Preconditioning. Which model of abnormality does this quote MOST closely represent? She relapsed and was admitted to Bellevue Sanatorium on July 1, eventually being released in October of the same year. What is that factor? 2.3.1.1. bodily sensations. What happens to the neurotransmitters that do not bind to a receptor site? The child learns to interact with others without yelling. 165. Which is NOT a goal of group therapy? Evaluate the usefulness of the behavioral model. b. dendrites. 72. b. the different patterns of communication displayed by men and women. List and describe the models of abnormality. b. operate in accordance with the reality principle. c. the conscious mind. The goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy is BEST described as: modifying the client's negative behavior and dysfunctional ways of thinking. c. operant conditioning. How does the cognitive model approach psychopathology? For instance, evidence suggests that contracting strep throat, an infection in the throat and tonsils caused by bacteria called group A Streptococcus (for more on strep throat, please visit https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-public/strep-throat.html), can lead to the development of OCD, Tourettes syndrome, and tic disorder in children (Mell, Davis, & Owens, 2005; Giedd et al., 2000; Allen et al., 1995; https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-perfectionists-handbook/201202/can-infections-result-in-mental-illness). 2.3.1.2. This is an example of: The biological model of psychology says that psychological disorders are caused by biological problems. The force that is in control in this example is the: a. id. This model dismisses the effect of nonbiological factors on behavior. The medical model of mental illness treats mental disorders in the same way as a broken arm, i.e., there is thought to be a physical cause.. c. phallic stage. c. humanistic-existential d. sociocultural. However, she went to the restroom to change instead. Cognitive-behavioral therapy has not been able to help her get rid of them. a. gestalt 159. size the different models of abnormality and to avoid oversimplifying the complex nature of human problems. b. people are naturally inclined to live positively. What happens when an electrical impulse reaches a neurons ending? You are doing your best. The BEST explanation for this trend is that these theories: 1. Considered the follow-up to Watson and Rayner (1920), Jones (1924; Figure 2.7) wanted to see if a child who learned to be afraid of white rabbits (Panel B) could be conditioned to become unafraid of them. They include Lisdexamfetamine, the combination of dextroamphetamine and amphetamine, and Methylphenidate. SAD occurs with greater frequency for those living far north or south from the equator (Melrose, 2015). This model has been adopted by psychiatrists rather than psychologists. A girl values her self-worth even when she fails at something. With regard to assessing the effectiveness of the various models of abnormality, which model BEST lends itself to laboratory testing? d. self-help therapy. c. psychodynamic-gestalt. a. low activity of GABA b. absence of dopamine c. low activity of serotonin d. excessive activity of norepinephrine. b. existential b. focusing on the here and now. The endocrine system moves slowly with hormones, released by endocrine glands, taking seconds, or even minutes, to reach their target. Mindfulness has been shown to be associated with improvements in which of the following? This represents the individual pairings of a feared object or situation and relaxation. The book published several case studies, including that of Anna O., born February 27, 1859 in Vienna to Jewish parents Siegmund and Recha Pappenheim, strict Orthodox adherents who were considered millionaires at the time. For instance, people with Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) have difficulty regulating serotonin. A cognitive-behavioral therapist would MOST likely recommend: a. Neurotransmitters are released. c. The receiving neurons fire. In this case, extinction continues. b. helping the client develop a stronger sense of self and rational thinking. The important thing to understand is that not all behaviors occur due to reinforcement and punishment as operant conditioning says. The goal of therapy is to wean patients from their childlike dependency on the therapist. Reinforcement can either occur continuously meaning every time the desired behavior is made the subject will receive some reinforcer, or intermittently/partially meaning reinforcement does not occur with every behavior. c. who believe in a higher being are the healthiest. It operates on the reality principle, or an awareness of the need to adjust behavior, to meet the demands of our environment. As such, we will need to establish a foundation for how communication in the nervous system occurs, what the parts of the nervous system are, what a neuron is and its structure, how neural transmission occurs, and what the parts of the brain are. What is it? How so? A behavioral psychologist would say that the temper tantrums result from: a. unresolved intrapsychic conflict. d. reality principle. The peripheral nervous system consists of everything outside the brain and spinal cord. The superego is partly conscious but mostly unconscious, and part of it becomes our conscience. There are two forms: classical conditioning, or linking together two types of stimuli, and operant conditioning, or linking together a response with its consequence. During the time-out, no one interacts with the child. Humans have several of these reflexes, though not as many as other animals due to our more complicated nervous system. A family systems theorist might suggest that Robin comes from a(n) _____ family. Influential on the development of Skinners operant conditioning, Thorndike (1905) proposed the law of effect or the idea that if our behavior produces a favorable consequence, in the future when the same stimulus is present, we will be more likely to make the response again, expecting the same favorable consequence. 37. d. caution the patient against using religious-based counseling services. Humanists would say that an individual who cares about others and who is spontaneous, courageous, and independent is: The perspective that religious views are defense mechanisms created by people to make life tolerable is MOST characteristic of: What happens when an electrical impulse reaches a neuron's ending? The drug eliminates the biological urge to drink alcohol. The humanistic perspective focuses on positive regard, conditions of worth, and the fully functioning person while the existential perspective stresses the need for people to re-create themselves continually and be self-aware, acknowledges that anxiety is a normal part of life, focuses on free will and self-determination, emphasizes that each person has a unique identity known only through relationships and the search for meaning, and finally, that we develop to our maximum potential. Attributions and cognitive errors. c. illogical thinking. Personality develops over five distinct stages in which the libido focuses on different parts of the body. 47. Operant conditioning. 119. Outside of biological and psychological factors on mental illness, race, ethnicity, gender, religious orientation, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, etc. The neuron next moves into a relative refractory period, meaning it can fire but needs higher than normal levels of stimulation. b. genetic mutations. With each subsequent escape and re-insertion into the box, the cat became faster at correctly manipulating the levers. 41. If we are angry at someone, we may engage in physical or relational aggression to alleviate this stimulation. Providing treatment as soon as it is needed so problems that are moderate or worse do not become long-term issues is called: a. primary prevention. Recall that a neuron is usually at resting potential and polarized. Next, help the client stop thinking these thoughts and replace them with more rational ones. An example was the attention I received for saying I was Chicken Little. Neurotransmitters will only bind to their specific receptor sites, much like a key will only fit into the lock it was designed for. Regarding the finding that there are more seriously disturbed people within poor subpopulations, a multicultural theorist would focus on the way in which: a. personal responsibility is related to dysfunction. We started at resting potential in Step 1 and end at resting potential in Step 6. c. mitigate unacceptable impulses. Over time, the temper tantrums become more and more common. d. countertransference. Communication in the Nervous System. Stimulants are generally effective and produce a calming effect. The events (response and consequence) are linked in time. c. replace problematic behaviors with more appropriate ones. Exemplify the effect of maladaptive cognitions on creating abnormal behavior. Its a simple strategy, but an important one. a. equifinality b. eclectic integration c. multifinality d. timing. Criticisms. Freud believed that the id is fueled by: a. self-preservation. We are more likely to model behaviors by someone who commands our attention. A therapist who assumes this describes a phobia acquired from classical conditioning MOST likely favors which model of abnormality? This is known as Finally, acceptance techniques help reduce a clients worry and anxiety. According to Bandura, all behaviors are learned by observing others, and we model our actions after theirs, so undesirable behaviors can be altered or relearned in the same way. In the past, we have conducted trephination and lobotomies, neither of which are used today. c. deep brain stimulation. Which of the following is an argument of critics of the evolutionary perspective? Still, we violate these values at times and experience feelings of guilt. The response re-emerges. c. intellectualization. a. modeling The second part of personality emerges after birth with early formative experiences and is called the ego. What is that factor? What are the five psychosexual stages according to Freud? How does the existential perspective approach psychopathology?
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