native american medicine practices

't~S,O 2HMdL.37yb]:cvZO2haMvE~]fy?-p_E{&V">k4Ml/E|I;GysPn*TDdk N5t!G7LHw2h\>hDA iz0cUw8w=Ez>8*e_FGk5Z_ZjD :;"p54N8uC~;;&ov9e |R|]Nh>-+i!-t- nD],Mt3-t+F2?iIwJA=h Provides a relapse prevention and recovery support program for Native Americans who are completing treatment, returning to the community from incarceration, or who have been working on their recovery journey using traditional method or 12 Step methods and who wish to provide support to others experiencing the same issues. <> Tuba City, AZ 86045. <> Native American medicine is an umbrella term that encompasses the healing beliefs and practices of all the indigenous people of North America. Description: ACT is a contextually focused form of cognitive behavioral psychotherapy that uses mindfulness and behavioral activation to increase clients' psychological flexibilitytheir ability to engage in values-based, positive behaviors while experiencing difficult thoughts, emotions, or sensations. Projects also report use of a Modified Matrix model that incorporates cultural components into the model activities that reflect specific communities Tribal affiliation(s). Description: Moving From a Life of Addiction to a Life of Recovery is a manual-based, comprehensive addiction treatment program that emphasizes relapse prevention. endobj Encyclopedia.com. The value of the person lies not in his uniqueness or separateness but in his relatedness to a larger social entity. (p. 213), Western therapies promoting individual self-definition, self-assertion and self-promotion will feel improper to Aboriginal people (p. 230). 8600 Rockville Pike Click Here to give an online gift. Khan Academy is a nonprofit with the mission of providing a free, world-class education for anyone, anywhere. The .gov means its official. Pokanoket, near present-day Bristol, Rhode Island LIB consists of a series of 1.5- to 2-hour psychoeducational and experiential training sessions. Native American medicine in the treatment of chronic illness: developing an integrated program and evaluating its effectiveness. An official website of the United States government. Native American medicine men treated the sick and ailing in public ceremonies followed by a private meeting. Wellbriety resources and events include conferences, specialized community training events, Wellbriety coalitions, and the popular grassroots Firestarters circles of recovery groups across the nation. 80 0 obj uuid:48f1455e-96de-498e-9299-b52ddf96de34 A program with the anonymity of all Al-Anon and AA members protected. Those who walk this road will find that our thoughts must change to the way Warriors think. >> American Indian Articles - Many articles on arts & crafts, fashion, music, masks, headdress, Tattoos, and other beautiful works of art. Participation in such activities would lead to withholding of rations for 10 days. People with hypertension should watch themselves during a sweat lodge ceremony for a possible increase in blood pressure. LIB can be delivered on an individual basis or in group settings with relaxation exercises, role-play exercises, discussions, and workbook exercises. The Spirit World -- 23. Much of Native American medicine is centered on animalistic symbolism, incorporating the animals that were most important to them, such as the turtle, rabbit, bear, deer, eagle, and wolf. What's more, the proportion of AIAN Tribes Using Practice: Components are widely used across projects. First Nation communities have been damaged as a whole and so it is vital that they recognize group trauma. Ross reviews several native or aboriginal approaches to healing that do work: Ross summarizes the characteristics of these programs that make them successful. Wayne B. Jonas, M.D. Connect cross-training relies on collaboration between service providers. Many aspects of Native American healing have been kept secret and are not written down. Instead of a therapist meeting one-on-one with a client, First Nation healing practices are group practices. The Buffalo Trust. Description: Parenting with Love and Limits (PLL) combines group therapy and family therapy to treat children and adolescents aged 10-18 who have severe emotional and behavioral problems (e.g., conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder) and frequently co-occurring problems such as depression, alcohol or drug use, chronic truancy, destruction of property, domestic violence, or suicidal ideation. Encyclopedia.com. MeSH National Library of Medicine and transmitted securely. If yes, then keep reading! Fax (617) 441-5417. 2004 Aug;10(3):141-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ctnm.2004.05.001. Some herbs may cause vomiting, nausea , or diarrhea . 3 Health and wellness values were viewed as holistic. The psychoeducational sessions cover topics such as drug education, relapse prevention, available self-help groups, and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Tribes Using Practice: Indian Medical Center MSPI; Pueblo of Sandia MSPI, ACT (Assertive Community Treatment) Team, Modified Exit Disclaimer: You Are Leaving www.ihs.gov. New York: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 1999. Tribes Using Practice: Winslow Indian Health Care Center, Inc. MSPI. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Includes culturally relevant components and relies on interviewing techniques that motivate rather than confront people, so youth dont feel they are being judged or attacked. Critical Overview Feedback is intended to strengthen and consolidate commitment to change and promote self-efficacy. The Funeral Rites -- 24. These traumas can lead to mental and emotional distress, loss of soul, or loss of spiritual power. Dr. Antonia Novello was both the first woman and the first Hispanic to serve as surgeon general of the United States. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. It established a Court of Indian Offences and outlawed the sun-dance, the scalp-dance, and the war-dance, and associated activities. According to a study published by the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, traditional Native American health practices revolve around the All native cultures believe in a Supreme Being. These principles include acknowledging that willpower alone cannot achieve sustained sobriety, that reaching out to others must replace self-centeredness, and that long-term recovery consists of a process of spiritual renewal. A healthy person understands his nestedness, interconnectedness and interdependence, and the responsibilities he has to fulfill to the Whole. WebThis article summarizes common principles, practices, and ethics of Native American healing, the traditional medicine of North America. To most effectively deal with Native American clients, health care providers must understand, respect, and demonstrate sensitivity to the values and implications of the Native American culture. Winer RL, Gonzales AA, Noonan CJ, Buchwald DS. MEDICINE, INDIAN, an ancient, intact, complex holistic healthcare system practiced and used by indigenous peoples worldwide, is more, c. 1580 . P.O. However, it can be practical for you to learn and understand it. It includes six multifamily sessions, conducted by two facilitators that employ group discussions, videotapes, age-specific breakout sessions, and role-play. Native American medicine can benefit anyone who sincerely wishes to live a life of wholeness and balance. J Community Health. Different herbs and rituals are used to treat different ailments. Cavanagh BM, Wakefield CE, McLoone JK, Garvey G, Cohn RJ. Coyote Medicine: Lessons from Native American Healing. The indirect way would be through talking, which is considered less effective. Gifts to the healer are welcomed, however. J Transcult Nurs. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Whereas Western psychology perceives a set of autonomous rights against all other life forms, Aboriginal people perceive life as an interconnected bundle of responsibilities (p. 231), Ross quotes native psychotherapist Dr. Joseph Couture saying: Native mind is, therefore, a mind-in-relational activity, a mind-in-community (p. 232). Puritan missionary 2016 Apr;10(2):330-41. doi: 10.1007/s11764-015-0479-2. Native Americans have been practiced in North America since at least 12,000 years ago and possibly as early as 40,000 years ago. In Clinician's Complete Reference to Complementary and Alternative Medicine, ed. Rupert Ross, retired Canadian Crown attorney who worked with hundreds of First Nation communities, has been granted permission to learn of the healing practices of First Nation peoples across Canada (see below for a list of the nations from which came the elders whose advice he acknowledges in his most recent book). <>stream Is Humanity's "Moral Sense" Inherited or Nurtured? An official website of the United States government. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Other illnesses are not treated because they are "callings" or initiation diseases. Before Methods of healing include prayer, chanting, music, smudging (burning sage or aromatic woods), herbs, laying-on of hands, massage, counseling, imagery, fasting , harmonizing with nature, dreaming, sweat lodges, taking hallucinogens (e.g., peyote), developing inner silence, going on a shamanic journey, and ceremony. endobj 2017-04-08T03:09:00.735-04:00 Would you like email updates of new search results? Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies The value of using a prenatal education planning model: application to an aboriginal community. 1999 Winter;8(1):1-9. doi: 10.1624/105812499X86935. In delivering high-quality medical care, language skills alone are not sufficient. MeSH National Library of Medicine For example, willow bark (the bark of a tree) is widely known to have been ingested as an anti-inflammatory and pain reliever. Antonia Novello, MD Honoring the Medicine: Native American Healing. WebNative American healers believed a person is healthy when he or she is in harmony with the environment. endstream The AHG supports access to herbal medicine for all and advocates excellence in herbal education.The following questions and answers provide an overview of some of the Family members wash and dress the body, and It is widely known that Native Americans had a relationship with cannabis. Although the cannabis plants they grew were a different kind than we cultivate today, they had a bond with marijuana. Not all tribes considered it a sacred herb, but many used it in healing, rituals, and for spiritual purposes. How did Native Americans Use Cannabis? The advantage of harm reduction and substance abuse is that it respects and empowers the individual in a therapeutic relationship. Roxbury, Massachusetts According to principles of native American healing, illnesses are not rooted in the affected area, but are cause by spiritual imbalances which can be corrected by herbs, meditation and rituals. KQwTlQC=1^dpk2{# ~-Bp7_U#5k 4k@RJAE2Y.O&@9# ';)%@Q+`gh|aEcuZkGh !h+5-;J(U}\;5(%?b& %pYnA,K*(#MA@/8dI($MS;Q`xo}/ i'La-Tzdd"}1!H2%SGU7Y~V 6*fK9/_Y|7N WebNative American practices, in which hot and cold stones are used to deeply penetrate muscles and tissues to reduce pain and inflammation are what we now know as stone massage. Sometimes they will not treat a person because they do not want to interfere with the life lessons the patient needs to learn. New York: W. W. Norton and Co., 1998. WebDo you want to know more about Native American Herbalism? endobj Description: The Medicine Wheel and 12 Step interpretations were developed by White Bison, based on the Teachings of the Medicine Wheel, the Cycle of Life and the Four Laws of Change. Before treating a patient, the medicine man or woman must fully understand their condition. Native Americans are the first nation of the United States and Canada. There were many cultures and indigenous peoples who used sage and burned it for its medicinal powers and its ability to connect to the spiritual realm. New York: Fireside, 1997. 12 Wisdom Steps Program Exit Disclaimer: You Are Leaving www.ihs.gov. Tribes Using Practice: Toiyabe Indian Health Center. !hmaZzz~#GCX8F'ICMg5Ez -UO1N z=mzZ]{>}Lh7}F{KxF')|bJi}Zt:IVZ[[U-pmE?d_c5km:R/ lwbKo The largest lesson is that humans are small, unskilled, dependent and blessed with everything theyll ever need (p. 260). Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Accessibility However, their medicine practices proved beneficial and continue to work in modern times. "Germs are also spirits," according to Shabari Bird of the Lakota Nation. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Boulder, CO 80301-2339. Native American healers have several different techniques for diagnosing an illness. Acrobat Distiller 10.1.16 (Windows) A Guide for Health Professionals Working with Aboriginal Peoples: Cross Cultural Understanding. Comprehensive rehabilitation programs are used in conjunction to acudetox offering the basic therapeutic elements of family therapy and involvement, in addition to intensive counseling, education and 12 step forums. 8. 9. endobj Cohen, Ken "Bear Hawk". Description: A-CRA has been adapted for use with Assertive Continuing Care (ACC), which provides home visits to youth following residential treatment for alcohol and/or other substance dependence. (near present-day Springfield, Ohio) Inside this book, Healing Secrets of the Native Americans 2 books in 1: Heal your Body with Traditional Herbal Remedies and Recipes, and A systematic review. Substance abuse can make codependent relationships even worse. ." And spiritual health is key, along with participation not only from the individual being treated but from loved ones or other tribal members. WebNative American medicine refers to the combined health practices of over 500 nations. For example, willow bark (the bark of a tree) is widely known to have been ingested as an anti-inflammatory and pain reliever. Knowing what you value will help you build the most meaningful life possible. Based upon Teachings of the Medicine Wheel, the Cycle of Life, and the Four Laws of Change. (617) 441-5400. endobj Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Experiencing the landscape helps one connect to something greater than the self, the more-than-human world, a cathedral, full of life, promise, openness, and blessedness (p. 261). Native American traditional medicine is alive and vibrant in many North American societies, although not all. endobj There is no diagnosing or labeling of people (e.g., alcoholic, offender, freak). Tsaile (Navajo Nation), AZ: Navajo Community College Press, 1977. Ancient Ponca Burials and Practices -- 25. endobj Ones emotions are central to being human and for tuning into spiritual and relational responsibilities. A cross-cultural comparison of four healing models. Altern Ther Health Med. Discussion exists among Native American scholars as to whether A.J. The American Indian cultures of northeastern North America, also known as the Woodland Indians, inhabited a region that was rich in natural, Tecumseh Basically the stimulation of ear acupuncture points appears to cause the systemic release of endorphins. WebFor more than 4,000 years, American Indians have relied on Yosemite Valley's meadows and oak woodlands to provide food, medicine, and materials for baskets, string, and shelter. Practices vary among tribes, but they typically include herbal remedies and ceremonies, such as smudging or sweat lodge gatherings, to heal and maintain mental, physical and spiritual health. Description: MST for Juvenile Offenders addresses the multidimensional nature of behavior problems in troubled youth. Care of the Native American woman: strategies for practice, education, and research. Did You Know Anxiety Can Enhance Our Relationships? Introduction Moraviantown, Canada Develop video, internet, or texting messages. 16 Steps for Discovery and Empowerment. A basic understanding of a group's cultural beliefs, values, and practices will enable the holistic nurse to appreciate the importance of appropriate interactions and techniques and, therefore, make health care more readily accepted. She is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Some diseases are caused when people break the "rules for living." Different national groups across the globe have their own unique healing approach. The site is secure. Tribes Using Practice: Utah Navajo Health System, Inc. Navajo. Cultural factors significantly influence the Native American's perspectives of traditional professional health care practices. The following lists catalog the specific articles, stories, legends and research materials of this website. Another external source of disease is environmental poisons. Many also believe that sharing their healing ways and values may help all people to come into a healthier balance with nature and all forms of life. Beck, P. V., and A. L. Walters. Acrobat Distiller 10.1.16 (Windows) As you read through the brief descriptions, notice how they are contrary to dominant (Western European) thinking that assumes as baselines for normality individualism, innate badness, a hierarchy of value of people (some more valuable than others), emphasis on verbal communication, and human separation from nature. Retrieved February 23, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/native-american-medicine. application/pdf WebA blending of elements of Alaska Native cultural practice along with Native American tribal practices is used by tribal doctors and traditional healers. Description: This is a peer-to-peer program that is designed to equip Native Americans in recovery to provide recovery support and community referrals for others in recovery. Clippings of sweetgrass are usually braided and then dried before burning. These sessions include a large amount of role-play with time to actively process personal issues and learn how to cope with everyday stressors. 2016-02-05T12:02:37.000-05:00 The offering of a gift "ensures success of treatment because healing spirits appreciate generosity." Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. These may include a discussion of one's symptoms, personal and family history, observation of non-verbal cues like posture or tone of voice, and medical divination. Native Americans used the milkweed plant for fiber sources. Life jackets were made from the coma of the seeds during WWII. Today, coma is used for pillows and blankets. Common milkweed can be used in naturalized areas, meadows, and butterfly, native, or pollinator gardens, but its wild and rangy form is not ideal for planting in borders. Native American medicine uses medicine men or women to perform healings. Family and community are also important in many healing sessions. %PDF-1.5 % He contrasts this approach with Western therapy, which he considers based on weaknessfocusing on what is wrong with a person and a continual fear of failing. It is a strength-based vision that emphasizes the spiritual gifts and responsibilities we were given, and our duty to honor both. (p. 228). Ponca Medicine -- 26. Nancy W. Dickey, MD. Can Humans Detect Text by AI Chatbot GPT? [emailprotected]. <> Historical First Nation communities separate the person from her acts. <> 2004 Jan;15(1):54-61. doi: 10.1177/1043659603260036. Modernist may balk at the Indians method of treating ailments. The medicine wheel represents the sacred circle of life, its basic four directions, and their associated elements. In these cases the healer must use ritual and other ways to physically return the soul and power to the patient. Finding an authentic practitioner of Native American medicine can be tricky. There are, however, many Native American healers who recognize that writing down their healing practices is a way to preserve these traditions for future generations. Warrior Down Exit Disclaimer: You Are Leaving www.ihs.gov. It is believed that sharing healing knowledge too readily or casually will weaken the spiritual power of the medicine. But, as most American The healing traditions of Native Americans have been practiced in North America since at least 12,000 years ago and possibly as early as 40,000 years ago. Its therapeutic approach combines spirituality, herbalism, and magic in treating a wide range of physical and emotional ailmentsfrom the common cold to depression. Generally, healers train under one primary mentor. (M7{LKuq@G}zSo"W&(=P:wT?E+"(8BnC,zd%`y2:;PQOaI1EcCHwu _QgSwhO}Nhm svq=c=R'N %W_Bw)+}~{h}=.01oU}XV(`wmP*A`,0T~kj}5oV{tV~{Qi*kkLJ,F/BT(]K! Healing power can come from one's ancestors, another healer, or through training and initiation. nk85*OQD|Q~U3R{z8>Z>;?YP-_pO3U?L`>:7whJ::r Disclaimer. Think of the effect of income on the ability to achieve health education, McCabe said. In fact, a lot people are trading in traditional medicine for alternative therapies that are proven to offer fewer side effects. <> S4cZiZMV[KO:gW|j/j&ZfZ\KZD5xZjnXJ89b4Z]k>Oui=pDX4:aA1ld1.9bxC_7h9Y29w=w%}R[Z4oTNB5bchn_^xVh13srT%x{Svm9>o`{Iuy8k3M9jFS;,0m-m Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine. Lee Brown describes "the heart" as the root of the mind. For example, the most successful programs for treating alcohol addiction in Native communities have combined Western approaches to psychological counseling, social work, and traditional Native American healing practices. Individual families also receive intensive 1- to 2-hour therapy sessions in an outpatient or home-based setting to practice the skills learned in the group setting. Health practices among Native Americans of the USA were practised for centuries before the arrival of the European colonisers and focused on the relationships They make all the arrangements, including transporting the body, and utilize green burial techniques. 1 Although healing practices vary based on each (303) 939-0023. We believe in the Elders as a guiding force. Quotes are from Indigenous Healing. Instead of a therapist meeting one-on-one with a client, First Nation healing practices are group practices. Description: A component of peer recovery support services that are designed and delivered by people who have experienced both substance use disorder and recovery. https://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/native-american-medicine, "Native American Medicine WebThe American Herbalists Guild is a non-profit, educational organization that promotes clinical herbalism as a viable profession rooted in ethics, competency, diversity, and freedom of practice. Informative and motivational, Meth360 also challenges concerned citizens to educate themselves about the dangers of meth and take action to stop the spread of this dangerous drug. One must compromise to survive and thrive. WebThe first Native American woman in the United States to earn a medical degree, Dr. Susan La Flesche Picotte had an extraordinary career. ACT has been shown to increase effective action; reduce dysfunctional thoughts, feelings, and behaviors; and alleviate psychological distress for individuals with a broad range of mental health issues, including substance abuse. You cannot defy the weather. MORE, >> American Indian Tribes Articles - Cultures of the Mayans, Pawnee, Choctaw, Apache, Comanche, Nez Perce, Mohawk and others. Cultural sensitivity is key. Native American medicine combines herbs, spirituality, and magic. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Although the efforts of Medicine Wheel Inc. and its Red Road concepts are still at the foundational sharing of the conference, it has grown to be a globally diversified approach to recovery, health and healing. ={v,QL=sf3s4"IKaCGwl=| Bookshelf 2017-04-08T03:09:06.312-04:00 sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Sample: With hard work we can manifest that spirit to greater degrees, building stronger, more respectful relationships. Tribes Using Practice: Kodiak Native Health Association. The specific practices varied among tribes but all is based on the basic principle that man is part The basic premises are: Tribes Using Practice: Toiyabe Indian Health Project MSPI, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)Exit Disclaimer: You Are Leaving www.ihs.gov. How Psychologically Conditioned Rats Are Defusing Landmines, The Innate Intelligence Observed in the Dying Process. "Native American Medicine". A nonprofessional fellowship where members share their experience, strength, and hope to solve their common problems. 2000 Nov;4(6):336-40. endobj People share personal stories as they will, passing the "talking stick" around the circle. <> This site needs JavaScript to work properly. First Nation healing practices may bring us all back to Life. Therapeutic methods include prayer, music, ritual purification, herbalism, massage, ceremony, and personal innovations of individual healers. Yes You Can! These traditions coexist with other forms of According to Cherokee medicine man Rolling Thunder, negative thinking is the most important internal cause of disease. These poisons include alcohol, impure air, water, and some types of food. Each direction of the wheel offers its own lessons, color, and animal spirit guide. Struthers R, Kaas M, Hill DL, Hodge F, DeCora L, Geishirt-Cantrell B. J Rural Community Psychol. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). endobj Ken Cohen writes, "Health means restoring the body, mind, and spirit to balance and wholeness: the balance of life energy in the body; the balance of ethical, reasonable, and just behavior; balanced relations within family and community; and harmonious relationships with nature. Therapists use the Cognitive Model to help clients overcome their difficulties by changing their thinking, behavior, and emotional responses. (520) 283-6321. 2005 Oct;25(5):312-27. Generations of Native Americans have received medical knowledge over the last 40,000 years through a strong oral tradition.Indigenous medical philosophy stresses the interconnection of humanity, nature, and the spiritual realm. Diseases may be thought to have internal or external causes or sometimes both. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help However, in harm reduction and drug abuse, treatment centers understand that in not everyone is ready to get completely abstinent at the same time, and in these cases reducing the risks of substance abuse may be more helpful than no treatment at all. Web8. Hollow Waters Community Holistic Circle Healing Program, The National Native Alcohol and Drug Addiction Program (NNADAP), The Most Important Part of Therapy Is Often Misunderstood. Red Road Approach to Wellness and HealingExit Disclaimer: You Are Leaving www.ihs.gov integrates Native American healing methodologies, philosophy and values with contemporary methods of chemical awareness, education and chemical addiction therapy processes. We believe all tribal nations are different from each other. A mutual support recovery program based on the Twelve Steps of Alcoholics Anonymous. Indigenous peoples describe their medicine as an art practiced since time immemorial; some indigenous peoples use only Western medicine or only traditional medicine, some take advantage of both simultaneously or serially. Tribes Using Practice: San Manuel Band MSPI. Author Biography Familiarization with these cultural components will facilitate the provision of quality, holistic health care through improved interactions with Native American clients. Description: Harm reduction and substance abuse is a practical, empathic, and respectful way to manage drug and alcohol use. A healthy person is someone who has a sense of purpose and follows the guidance of the Great Spirit. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Style TSF is implemented with individual clients or groups over 12-15 sessions. From the Native American point of view these reactions are usually welcomed and considered a form of purging or cleansing of the physical body. endobj Ancient cultures such as the ancient Egyptians, Romans, and Greeks used sage as medicinal plants. In actuality, these are the doctors. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! MORE, >> Indigenous Peoples Literature - A collection of writings celebrating the diverse cultures of Indigenous Peoples' of North and South America. WebThis study examined Native American perceptions of attitudes and behaviors desired in their client/nurse relationships for the purpose of informing cultural-competency education and practice. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Description: A goal-directed, client-centered counseling style for eliciting behavioral change by helping clients explore and resolve ambivalence. Gifts may include groceries, cloth, money, or another personal expression of respect and appreciation. The ultimate goal of MST is to empower families to build a healthier environment through the mobilization of existing child, family, and community resources.