Galton noted that the plates in S. stenops have been found articulated in two staggered rows, rather than paired. Fossils of the genus have been found in the western United States and in Portugal, where they are found in Kimmeridgian- to Tithonian-aged . However, recent research re-examined this and concluded this species also had four. Around the middle of the tail, the neural spines become bifurcated, meaning they are divided near the top. Toes. It was a composite of several skeletons, primarily USNM 6531, with proportions designed to closely follow the S. stenops type specimen, which had been on display in relief nearby since 1918. Vegetation varied from river-lining forests of conifers, tree ferns, and ferns (gallery forests), to fern savannas with occasional trees such as the Araucaria-like conifer Brachyphyllum. Did T Rexes Have Feather? Lucas reclassified this species in the new genus Hoplitosaurus later that year. Also, the pelvic region of the specimens are similar to Kentrosaurus juveniles. "Appendix." [5], At one time, stegosaurs were described as having a "second brain" in their hips. Were the feathers part of a complex mating ritual, or a stepping stone in the evolution of flight? 25). [97], The Morrison Formation is interpreted as a semiarid environment with distinct wet and dry seasons, and flat floodplains. When it lived: Late Jurassic, 155-145 million years ago. Stegosaurus, or Triceratops, are still alive. Maidment, S. C. (2010). [80] Christiansen and Tschopp (2010) state that the presence of a smooth, insulating keratin covering would have hampered thermoregulation, but such a function cannot be entirely ruled out as extant cattle and ducks use horns and beaks to dump excess heat despite the keratin covering. [24][25] The "Small Quarry" Stegosaurus' articulation and completeness clarified the position of plates and spikes on the back of Stegosaurus and the position and size of the throat ossicles found earlier first by Felch with the Stegosaurus stenops holotype, though like the S. stenops type, the fossils were flattened in a "roadkill" condition. [13], Though considered one of the most distinctive types of dinosaur, Stegosaurus displays were missing from a majority of museums during the first half of the 20th century, due largely to the disarticulated nature of most fossil specimens. Learn how Stegosaurus survived below. [2], The next species of Stegosaurus to be named was S. marshi by Frederick Lucas in 1901. While the film franchise certainly did popularise the era, there is a whole lot more to this epoch than carnivorous dinosaurs. Feathered Reptiles Ruled Earth's Skies. Fossil footprints and detailed studies of its anatomy have proven that Stegosaurus didn't drag its tail on the mud, but actually walked erect, like an elephant, with its tail held horizontally, parallel to the ground. Spinosaurus was a giant meat-eating dinosaur that grew to lengths of 18 m (60 ft.). Did the Stegosaurus have teeth? The Stegosaurus had a large gut that was responsible for its digestion and breakdown of nutrients aided by gastroliths. Which of the following features did Archaeopteryx not have? Ornithischians were plant-eaters and include famous dinosaurs such as Triceratops, Iguanodon and Stegosaurus. The competition was foremost started by the American Museum of Natural History, the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, and the Field Museum of Natural History which all sent expeditions to the west to make their own dinosaur collections and mount skeletons in their fossil halls. The fact that an animal weighing over 4.5metric tons (5short tons) could have a brain of no more than 80g (2.8oz) contributed to the popular old idea that all dinosaurs were unintelligent, an idea now largely rejected. [88] One 2009 study of Stegosaurus specimens of various sizes found that the plates and spikes had delayed histological growth in comparison to the skeleton and when the dinosaur reached maturity, growth in the osteoderms may have increased. [12] The aging mount was dismantled in 2003 and replaced with a cast in an updated pose in 2004. The authors said the feathers belonged to a type of non-flying dinosaur. [82] However, Christiansen and Tschopp (2010) consider this unlikely, as stegosaur plates were covered in horn rather than skin. Scant evidence in the fossil record has never been definitive - until now, scientists say. Preserved on slabs of ancient limestone in north-eastern Brazil, a newly discovered fossil of Tupandactylus imperator reveals the existence of pterosaur feathers about 113 million years ago. Meet fierce, birdlike, armored, and giant dinosaurs from hundreds of millions of years ago! Sauropods dominated the region, and included Brachiosaurus, Apatosaurus, Diplodocus, Camarasaurus, and Barosaurus. All photos used are royalty-free, and credits are included in the Alt tag of each image. Colorful and scientifically accurate illustrations paired with intriguing facts will be sure to captivate your kids in grades 4-8. However, it has also been suggested that the plates could have helped the animal increase heat absorption from the sun. Some theories suggest that the large plates on their back could change color as a mating display or to attract a female. 233248. There were three different species of Stegosaurus, but all were relatively similar looking. [5] The majority of the fossils came from Quarry 13, including the type specimen of Stegosaurus ungulatus (YPM 1853), which was collected by Lakes and William Harlow Reed the same year and named by Marsh. The function of this array of plates and spikes has been the subject of much speculation among scientists. The T. rex actually existed closer in history to humans than to the Stegosaurus. 71-69 mya. [25], The most recognizable features of Stegosaurus are its dermal plates, which consisted of between 17 and 22 separate plates and flat spines. [102], Stegosaurus made its major public debut as a paper mache model commissioned by the U.S. National Museum of Natural History for the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition. Scales that grew larger and began to diverge. One species, Stegosaurus ungulatus, is one of the largest known of all the stegosaurians, reaching 7 metres (23ft) in length and 3.8 metric tons (4.2 short tons) in body mass, and some specimens indicate an even larger body size. Tail spikes. [21] The American Museum of Natural History was the first to launch an expedition in 1897, finding several assorted, but incomplete, Stegosaurus specimens at Bone Cabin Quarry in Como Bluff. [32][33], Most of the information known about Stegosaurus comes from the remains of mature animals; more recently, though, juvenile remains of Stegosaurus have been found. apatosaurus c. tyrannosaurus b. plateosaurus d. stegosaurus. Scientists arent exactly sure how they chewed and foraged for food, because their mouth is simply, weird. "We need Dinozord Power! They are somewhat small for dinosaurs, but they are definitely way too big to live in your house! Which basic group of dinosaur is this . Stegosaurus, (genus Stegosaurus ), one of the various plated dinosaurs ( Stegosauria) of the Late Jurassic Period (159 million to 144 million years ago) recognizable by its spiked tail and series of large triangular bony plates along the back. And both of them bear battle . We jumped onto our Dinozords. [26] The Sauriermuseum found several partial Stegosaurid skeletons throughout their excavations at Howe Quarry, Wyoming in the 1990s, though only Sophie has been described in detail. [9][11] This first reconstruction, of S. ungulatus with missing parts filled in from S. stenops, was published by Marsh in 1891. Robert Bakker noted the tail was likely to have been much more flexible than that of other dinosaurs, as it lacked ossified tendons, thus lending credence to the idea of the tail as a weapon. [83], Debate has been going on about whether the tail spikes were used for display only, as posited by Gilmore in 1914[7] or used as a weapon. Stegosaurus skeleton. Here's a Stegosaurus skin: No feathers, but armour only. B. The spikes were probably used as defense mechanisms, while it is . This was uncovered using the spectroscopy of lipoxidation signals, which are byproducts of oxidative phosphorylation and correlate with metabolic rates. (1986) found "extreme vascularization of the outer layer of bone",[78][76] which was seen as evidence that the plates "acted as thermoregulatory devices". S. stenops reached 6.5m (21.3ft) in length and 3.5 metric tons (3.9 short tons) in body mass, while S. ungulatus reached 7m (23.0ft) in length and 3.8 metric tons (4.2 short tons) in body mass. A feathered dinosaur is any species of dinosaur possessing feathers. [7] The skeleton was shipped to Marsh in 1887, who named it Stegosaurus stenops ( "narrow-faced roof lizard") that year. HAO, B., PENG, G., QIN, G., YE, Y., & JIANG, S. (2018). [24] Phillip Reinheimer, a steel worker, mounted the Stegosaurus skeleton at the DMNS in 1938. This covering of spikes might have been based on a misinterpretation of the teeth, which Marsh had noted were oddly shaped, cylindrical, and found scattered, such that he thought they might turn out to be small dermal spines. [45] Bakker stated that Stegosaurus could flip its osteoderms from one side to another to present a predator with an array of spikes and blades that would impede it from closing sufficiently to attack the Stegosaurus effectively. [31] Some large individuals may have reached 7.5m (25ft) in length and 5.05.3 metric tons (5.55.8 short tons) in body mass. Paleontologists initially suggested that this space could be for a second brain. [10][7] The skeleton was expertly unearthed by Felch, who first divided the skeleton into labeled blocks and prepared them separately. The saurischian dinosaurs are "lizard-hipped," while the ornithischian dinosaurs are "bird-hipped.". When did dinosaurs start getting feathers? the favored book National Geographic Kids Ultimate Dinopedia Second Edition collections that we have. Omissions? Due to the fragmentary nature of most early Stegosaurus fossil finds, it took many years before reasonably accurate restorations of this dinosaur could be produced. Due to their distinctive combination of broad, upright plates and tail tipped with spikes, Stegosaurus is one of the most recognizable kinds of dinosaurs. While this includes all species of birds, there is a hypothesis that many, if not all non-avian dinosaur species also possessed feathers in some shape or form. They also used hind legs to feed on trees or detect danger. [26], Soon after its discovery, Marsh considered Stegosaurus to have been bipedal, due to its short forelimbs. Despite its popularity in books and film, mounted skeletons of Stegosaurus did not become a staple of major natural history museums until the mid-20th century, and many museums have had to assemble composite displays from several different specimens due to a lack of complete skeletons. The only interactions between Stegosaurus and humans are in movies and television. Asked by: Kaia Halvorson. They regarded S.longispinus as dubious. 1. [51] in 2017, Raven and Maidment published a new phylogenetic analysis, including almost every known stegosaurian genus:[52][53].mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.1em;padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}, Many of the species initially described have since been considered to be invalid or synonymous with earlier named species,[5] leaving two well-known and one poorly known species. Like most plant-eating dinosaurs, it had no teeth in the front of its mouth, but only a beak. So did dinosaurs have big outer ears? One subadult specimen, discovered in 1994 in Wyoming, is 4.6m (15.1ft) long and 2m (6.6ft) high, and is estimated to have weighed 1.5-2.2metric tons (1.6-2.4short tons)[34] while alive. We know very little about the reproduction of these dinosaurs. Stegosaurus remains were first identified during the "Bone Wars" by Othniel Charles Marsh at Dinosaur Ridge National Landmark. Stegosaurus wasn't related to modern birds, so it doesn't make sense to have feathers. Loss of feather coating would, by that theory, have been secondary, for instance in the case of the giant dinosaurs that could have become overheated. Past the first few dorsals, the centrum of the bones become more elongate front-to-back, and the transverse processes become more elevated dorsal. :) lythronax-argestes 5 yr. ago Stegosaurus isn't a sauropod, if that's what you're implying. [103], Early skeletal mounts and plate interpretation. Barrett, P.M. (2001). )[7], The skeleton of S. stenops has since been deposited at the National Museum of Natural History in Washington D. C., where it has been on display since 1915. Its skull looked like a parrot, especially the beak, but with no feathers. [26] The hind feet each had three short toes, while each fore foot had five toes; only the inner two toes had a blunt hoof. . [94] One hypothesized feeding behavior strategy considers them to be low-level browsers, eating low-growing fruit of various nonflowering plants, as well as foliage. Did all dinosaurs have feather? [95] Conversely, if Stegosaurus could have raised itself on two legs, as suggested by Bakker, then it could have browsed on vegetation and fruits quite high up, with adults being able to forage up to 6m (20ft) above the ground. Prefrontal bone Predentary bone Maxilla Perforate Acetabulum, Examine the hip structure in the image of the dinosaur Stegosaurus. The largest species could grow nearly 30 ft. long and weigh up to 7 metric tons. (Tyrannosaurus Rex) How many fingers did Tyrannosaurus have? [39] Palaeontologists believe it would have eaten plants such as mosses, ferns, horsetails, cycads, and conifers or fruits. The second Jurassic dinosaur rush. [14] A third mounted skeleton of Stegosaurus, referred to S. stenops, was put on display at the American Museum of Natural History in 1932. He led the construction of the first ever Stegosaurus skeletal mount at the Peabody Museum of Natural History, which was depicted with paired plates. These variations cast doubt on the hypothesis of a strong thermoregulatory function for the plates of Stegosaurus, because such structures were not optimized in all stegosaurs for collecting or releasing heat. In his article about the new mount for the museum's journal, Barnum Brown described (and disputed) the popular misconception that the Stegosaurus had a "second brain" in its hips. [12] This historically significant specimen was re-mounted ahead of the opening of the new Peabody Museum building in 1925. Farther posteriorly, the proportionately larger the cervicals become, although they do not change greatly in anything other than size. 5. Stegosauria: a historical review of the body fossil record and phylogenetic relationships. Stegosaurus walked on its toes, which were supported by thick, wedge-shaped pads.. Throat guard. (2007). These middle Triassic reptiles, dating from about 230 million years ago, included such important genera as Eoraptor, Herrerasaurus, and Staurikosaurus; as far as paleontologists can tell, these were the first true dinosaurs, only recently evolved from their archosaur predecessors. 24-26 feet. Stegosaurus shared the land with a lot of other famous dinosaurs. As to the number of eggs, incubation time, and parental care, we simply dont know yet. Unlike the sturdy jaws and grinding teeth common to its fellow ornithischians, Stegosaurus (and all stegosaurians) had small, peg-shaped teeth that have been observed with horizontal wear facets associated with tooth-food contact[92] and their unusual jaws were probably capable of only orthal (up-down) movements. [24] Landberg excavated the skeleton with the DMNS crews, recovering a 70% complete Stegosaurus skeleton along with turtles, crocodiles, and isolated dinosaur fossils at the quarry that would be nicknamed "The Kessler Site". [2] These first, fragmented bones (YPM 1850) became the holotype of Stegosaurus armatus when Yale paleontologist Othniel Charles Marsh described them in 1877. (In 1893, Richard Lydekker mistakenly re-published Marsh's drawing under the label Hypsirhophus. [39] Stegosaurian teeth were small, triangular, and flat; wear facets show that they did grind their food. [23] Both the AMNH and CM material has been referred to Stegosaurus ungulatus. . [85], S. stenops had four dermal spikes, each about 6090cm (2.03.0ft) long. The Stegosaurus was a large plant-eating dinosaur. Stegosaurus is a genus of armored dinosaur, with large bone plates along its neck, back and tail. The flora of the period has been revealed by fossils of green algae, fungi, mosses, horsetails, ferns, cycads, ginkoes, and several families of conifers. However, this mount was dismantled in 1917 when the old Peabody Museum building was demolished. Brinkman, P. D. (2010). T. rex was among the last of the big Dinosaurs. The discovery of these branched integumentary structures outside theropods suggests that featherlike structures coexisted with scales and were potentially widespread among the entire dinosaur clade; feathers may thus have been present in the earliest dinosaurs. In fact, Tyrannosaurus rex was closely related to birds and didn't have feathers. (Stegosaurus) How many brains did Stegosaurus have? During the Mesozoic Era (a period of more than 180 million years that included the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods), a species of non-avian dinosaur evolved into a species of avian dinosaur. 03 of 10 The Name Coelophysis Means "Hollow Form" Nobu Tamura Fewer S. ungulatus plates have been found, and none articulated, making the arrangement in this species more difficult to determine. Determining the extent of this creatures range is difficult to do, because their fossils are somewhat rare. There are quill knobs in the forearm bones, while smaller species like microraptors got preserved feathers in their fossils. The endocast showed the brain was indeed very small, the smallest proportionally of all dinosaur endocasts then known. Last Update: May 30, 2022. . About 67 million years ago, two iconic dinosaurs, a Triceratops horridus and a Tyrannosaurus rex, died and were quickly buried together side by side in a single grave. The Stegosaurus, an armored dinosaur with bony plates running along its backbone and ending in a giant spiked tail, had large space at the end of the spinal cord. Kessler contacted the Denver Museum of Nature and Science, who sent paleontologist Robert Landberg. Stegosaurus is one of the most recognisable dinosaurs, for one main reason: the big, triangle-shaped plates lining its neck, back and tail. Today, it is generally agreed that their spiked tails were most likely used for defense against predators, while their plates may have been used primarily for display, and secondarily for thermoregulatory functions. Now!" Jason shouted, and our Dinozords appeared. . [91], Stegosaurus and related genera were herbivores. Stegosaurus and its relatives are closely related to the ankylosaurs, with which they share not only dermal armour but several other features, including a simple curved row of small teeth. 3. [26][25][24] The Stegosaurus skeletons have been mounted alongside an Allosaurus skeleton collected in Moffat County, Colorado originally in 1979. 2. Since a cooling trend occurred towards the end of the Jurassic, a large ectothermic reptile might have used the increased surface area afforded by the plates to absorb radiation from the sun. [2] Because of this, the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature decided to replace the type species with the more well known species Stegosaurus stenops. Why were cheeks so important? That's why its name in Greek means "roof lizard.". Stegosaurus (/stsrs/;[1] lit. Debate is raging about whether pterosaurs, flying reptiles that lived alongside the dinosaurs, had feathers or not. [43] All four limbs were supported by pads behind the toes. Stegosaurus is famous for its two rows of kite-shaped plates that stick out from its neck, back, and tail. In terms of its, sometimes unique, physical characteristics, Carnotaurus was known for its unique features, including its flat snout, horns above its eyes, teeny tiny arms and long, muscular legs. Early mammal discoveries were of _____. [8], Arthur Lakes made another discovery later in 1879 at Como Bluff in Albany County, Wyoming, the site also dating to the Upper Jurassic of the Morrison Formation, when he found several large Stegosaurus fossils in August of that year. And feathers were not only present an small, especially bird-like dinosaurs. [13], In a 2010 review of Stegosaurus species, Peter Galton suggested that the arrangement of the plates on the back may have varied between species, and that the pattern of plates as viewed in profile may have been important for species recognition. There is a small bump on the back of the blade, that would have served as the base of the triceps muscle. [48] This group is widespread, with members across the Northern Hemisphere, Africa and possibly South America. Stegosaurus, one of the many dinosaurs described in the Bone Wars, was first collected by Arthur Lakes and consisted of several caudal vertebrae, a dermal plate, and several additional postcranial elements that were collected north of Morrison, Colorado at Lakes YPM Quarry 5. Soon after describing Stegosaurus, Marsh noted a large canal in the hip region of the spinal cord, which could have accommodated a structure up to 20 times larger than the famously small brain. The earliest popular image of Stegosaurus was an engraving produced by A. Tobin for the November 1884 issue of Scientific American, which included the dinosaur amid a speculative Morrison age landscape. In its own period, the late Jurassic, Stegosaurus was a relative minnow, sharing the planet with giant sauropods like Diplodocus and large predators like Allosaurus.Weighing up to 7 metric tons, its mass was similar to that of a large elephant. Lucas commissioned Charles R. Knight to produce a life restoration of S. ungulatus based on his new interpretation. Well preserved integumentary impressions of the plates of Hesperosaurus show a smooth surface with long and parallel, shallow grooves. Stegosaurus was extinct for 66 million years before Tyrannosaurus walked on Earth. The answer, surprisingly, is almost certainly 'never - they have always had them.' It's now been discovered that pterosaurs have true feathers. Score: 4.3/5 (1 votes) . In a December study, scientists described two feathers from the mid-Cretaceous period (about 100 million years ago) found in the Kachin Province of Myanmar. They advocated synonymizing S.stenops and S.ungulatus with S.armatus, and sinking Hesperosaurus and Wuerhosaurus into Stegosaurus, with their type species becoming Stegosaurus mjosi and Stegosaurus homheni, respectively. These creatures were large, and had incredibly small brains. Though it had not yet been completely prepared, the nearly complete and articulated type specimen of Stegosaurus stenops allowed Marsh to complete the first attempt at a reconstructed Stegosaurus skeleton. Feathers are what distinguishes birds from other existing lifeforms; but they're also what connects them to the creatures of yore. Did Ankylosaurus have feathers? 'roof-lizard') is a genus of herbivorous, four-legged, armored dinosaur from the Late Jurassic, characterized by the distinctive kite-shaped upright plates along their backs and spikes on their tails. Xing, L., Lockley, M. G., PERSONS IV, W. S., Klein, H., Romilio, A., Wang, D., & Wang, M. (2021). While a human's. See full answer below. The forelimbs were much shorter than the hind limbs, which gave the back a characteristically arched appearance. Furthermore, it is puzzling why other stegosaurs and other dinosaurs lacked elaborate thermoregulatory structures. So why does Stegosaurus have these plates? [75] Christiansen and Tschopp (2010), having studied a well-preserved specimen of Hesperosaurus with skin impressions, concluded that the plates were covered in a keratin sheath which would have strengthened the plate as a whole and provided it with sharp cutting edges. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. However, as Carpenter[25] has noted, the plates overlap so many tail vertebrae, movement would be limited. [40], This space, however, is more likely to have served other purposes. The bony plates on Stegosaurus's back were set . all of these. Did they have feathers too? Second Edition. [5][2] Later in 1887, Marsh described two more species of Stegosaurus from Como Bluff, Stegosaurus duplex, based on a partial vertebral column, partial pelvis, and partial left hindlimb (YPM 1858) from Reed's Quarry 11, though the species is now seen as synonymous with Stegosaurus ungulatus. [78] Likewise, 2010 structural comparisons of Stegosaurus plates to Alligator osteoderms seem to support the conclusion that the potential for a thermoregulatory role in the plates of Stegosaurus definitely exists. Description of the Stegosaurus. [58] More recently, a study of the tail spikes by McWhinney et al.,[84] which showed a high incidence of trauma-related damage, lends more weight to the position that the spikes were indeed used in combat. [75] Mobility of the plates, however, has been disputed by other paleontologists. Did the T. rex live in the Mesozoic era? Knight would go on to paint a stegosaur with a staggered double plate row in 1927 for the Field Museum of Natural History, and was followed by Rudolph F. Zallinger, who painted Stegosaurus this way in his "Age of Reptiles" mural at the Peabody Museum in 1947. [96] However, a 2016 study indicates that Stegosaurus's bite strength was stronger than previously believed. [7][2] Stegosaurus sulcatus most notably preserves a large spike that has been speculated to have been a shoulder spike that is used to diagnose the species. The skeleton remained mounted until 1989 when the museum curator of the DMNS began a revision of the museum's fossil hall and dispatched an expedition to find additional Stegosaurus remains. [6] Many later researchers have considered Hypsirhophus to be a synonym of Stegosaurus,[7] though Peter Galton (2010) suggested that it is distinct based on differences in the vertebrae. The blade is relatively straight, although it curves towards the back. Browsing on a wide variety of plants would be essential. If its filaments are related to the proto-feathers of the theropods (which is possible but not. rex had feathers as well, Norell said. History and evolution of stegosaurus in China. Stegosaurus had a relatively low brain-to-body mass ratio. Feathers evolved before flight and may have functioned as . They had. Martin, A.J. Paleontologists had long thought that Stegosaurus had two parallel rows of plates, either staggered or paired, and that these afforded protection to the animals backbone and spinal cord.
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