Proportional representation (PR) is an electoral system that tries to create a representative body that better reflects all of the citizens' interests in an electorate or voting district. The descriptive evaluation was proposed as opposed to traditional method of evaluation and it is based on new strategies for facing the government's challenges. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Purpose. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. Descriptive representation is a way of thinking about representation in which it is thought to be important that representatives have the same racial, gender, ethnic, religious, or educational backgrounds as their constituents. This leaves lasting impacts, not only emotionally, but mentally and psychologically as well. If your institution is not listed or you cannot sign in to your institutions website, please contact your librarian or administrator. The theory of the politics of presence (Phillips 1995) provides reasons for expecting a link between descriptive and substantive representation. Studies of the representation of minority interests in the era following the enactment They may sometimes also include analytic work (comparing factors "" see below). For discussions of gender quotas in corporate boards, see, for example, Engelstad and Teigen (2012). While descriptive statistics are used to present raw data in an accurate way, inferential statistics are used to apply inferences derived from a data sample to the larger data population. How Do Parliamentarians Define Descriptive Representation? Once you have this descriptive research, you can use it to focus your next ad campaign to the right clientele. Research Fellowship Program Other Program and Initiatives View the institutional accounts that are providing access. A software life cycle model is a descriptive representation of the software development cycle. Swiss-Subsaharan Africa Migration Inaugural call, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123404000134, Swiss Forum for Migration and Population Studies. Source publication Pros, Cons, and Changing Behavior: An. Affordable. Though as they showed that areas with high crime rates were high regardless of ethnic group. Instead, proper representation for some is rooted in the racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, gender, and sexual identity of the representatives themselves. It evaluates empirical evidence on the impact of race, gender, and ethnicity on the behavior of legislators. Gender and discourse. Princeton: Princeton University Press. These descriptive representations reflect the usage characteristics of the end product, what the owner (s) are going to do with the end product, or how they will use it once they get it in their possession. https://cnx.org/contents/W8wOWXNF@12.1:Y1CfqFju@5/Preface, CC BY. Here you will find options to view and activate subscriptions, manage institutional settings and access options, access usage statistics, and more. Government American Congress Congressional Representation. As graphical representations are exhibited through numerical figures, tables, or graphs, it usually involves fewer errors and mistakes. Would perfect mobility be perfect? Copyright 2023 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. 9. Namely, the institutional design of the state legislature matters in terms of electoral responsiveness, with Florida and New Mexico the most responsive, and New York and the U.S. House the least responsive to the election of Latino legislators. ), Representation and redistricting issues. Rawls, J. It is widely used in Europe and has both advantages and disadvantages. The descriptive characteristics of a representative can lull voters into thinking their substantive interests are being represented even when this is not the case. blurted this. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Undocumented Youth and Collective Representation in the U.S. Congress, Good Practices of Indigenous Political Participation: Maori Participation in New Zealand Elective Bodies, Race, Bureaucracy, and Symbolic Representation: Interactions Between Citizens and Police, Conditioning Descriptive Representation: Institutional Moderation of Unique Group Perspectives in Legislative Debates, Political Participation of Australian Muslims, Minority Representation, Empowerment, and Participation, Morals or money? Palgrave Macmillan, London. Hernes, H., & Skjeie, H. (1997). Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. The results show that descriptive representation contributes to substantive representation, even if the costs of participating outweigh the electoral benefits. Racial and ethnic minorities accounted for 90 percent of the population growth in the United States from 2000 to 2010, and the United States is rapidly becoming even more diverse. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Individuals may not be voting on individual issues within a representative democracy, but they can still have their opinions heard. Black faces, black interests: The representation of African-Americans in congress. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 5 No. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. An innovative research tool, descriptive research is used by researchers as an opportunity to fuse both quantitative and qualitative data to reconstruct the "what is" of a topic. In J. Parkinson & J. Mansbridge (Eds. Toggle navigation. Hollis earned a degree in English Literature from the University of Florida. Between facts and norms. Prescriptive analytics offers decision support for the best course of action to get desired results. Mansbridge, J. If you cannot sign in, please contact your librarian. Women-centred and intersectional state feminism, state feminism inside and outside a welfare state context, and state feminism more and less democratized are compared, and it is argued that from the cost side, descriptive representation is more recommendable in a democratized, intersectional state feminist regime than in a women-centred technocratic one, whereas the effects of the welfare state variable on descriptive representation costs are more mixed. Descriptive representation occurs when elected politicians are typical of the larger class of persons that they represent, such that blacks represent blacks, disabled people represent disabled people and so on. $\endgroup . It helps by saving time and money while collecting data. 1. Bicameral legislature emanates from the concept of representative democracy. Among them is Nancy Pelosi who became the Speaker of the House in the Eleventh Congress and James Clyburn, an African-American who served as Majority Whip. Thirdly, descriptive research is less expensive and time consuming. A contingent yes. Reisel, L. (2014). Feminism, epistemology and morality. Fleurbaey, M. (1995). 8. Cleveland State Law Review, 39(3), 269300. The article concludes with a discussion on the important avenues for future research as the level of diversity in Congress increases and more women and minorities enter the ranks of committee and party leadership. Pennock, J. R. (1979). The advantage is that it ensures that government sis efficient as the democratic process has included checks and balances (Regoli). The purpose of descriptive research, aside from describing a certain population or situation, is to know the basic knowledge of a study. The debate about descriptive vs inferential statistics takes away from crafting a more holistic approach. Estlund, D. (2008). However, they no longer go gentle into that goodnight. therefore, it is used by various industries While skeptics argue that the switch to MMP will evoke havoc and mark the end of a decisive government, the pros of proportional representation outweigh the cons. New York: Colombia University Press. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Mellom fag og feminisme: Kvinneforskning i statsvitenskap. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society, 21(2). In some cases, representation can seem to have very little to do with the substantive issues representatives in Congress tend to debate. Despite of this diversity the American communities have been marginalized since forever. Political Therorists, Parliamentarians and the Meaning of Unequal Representation. Accountability and political representation of national minorities: a forgotten link? Fortunes of feminism. Descriptive research does not rely on only one type of data; it relies on both quantitative and qualitative research. When on the society site, please use the credentials provided by that society. There are many time restrictions that are placed on research methods. world (descriptive representation), and the second focuses on effects of women's presence in parliament (substantive representation). Prescriptive and descriptive theorists differ on their approach to instruction. In the wake of the Civil Rights Movement, African American representatives also began to enter Congress in increasing numbers. Experimental research offers the highest levels of control. Prescriptive and descriptive theorists differ on their approach to instruction. The collection of data is quick and easy to conduct, especially when doing surveys. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Aldershot: Ashgate. I'm not sure what the pros and cons are of labelling all or only some such statistics as inferential. Often, tracking down survey groups that can provide pertinent data costs a significant amount of time and money. In addition, the attempts to form race-based alliances have had very little success amongst minority groups as racial similarities are not significant enough to unify different minority groups. Signs, 19(3), 630657. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Descriptive analysis also involves identifying the position of a single value or its response in relation to others. Pros and Cons of Descriptive Research. It is also known as the linear sequential model. Movies represent cultural values and Disney's legacy of mostly white princesses depicts our racist society. Norris, P., & Franklin, M. (1997). Evidence from Romania. (1993). Rational deliberation among experts and citizens. This form of research provides insight on human nature, we are able to understand basic psychological processes from this. (2005b). While women in many western states could vote sooner, all women were not able to exercise their right to vote nationwide until passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920, and they began to make up more than 5 percent of either chamber only in the 1990s. Hence, the debate about descriptive representation is clearly in need of a more contextualized assessment of its pros and cons. In many areas of public administration and policy, the importance of descriptive representation or shared identity and perceived shared experience for racial and ethnic minorities is well documented. Tests: The Material and Tangible Effects of Descriptive Representation. Explaining Preferences about Descriptive Representation, When politics is not just a man's game: Women's representation and political engagement, Womens Political Representation: A Review, Partisanship, Structure and Representation: The Puzzle of African American Education Politics, Falling Behind, Keeping Up, or Getting Ahead: Ethnic Candidates and the Competition for non-Western Origin Voters in the West, Levelling the playing field: Monitoring Croatian policies to promote gender equality in politics, Can Deliberative Minipublics Address the Cognitive Challenges of Democratic Citizenship, Parity/Disparity: Electoral Gender Inequality on the Tightrope of Liberal Constitutional Traditions, INTERSECTIONAL PRESENTATIONS: An Exploratory Study of Minority Congresswomen's Websites' Biographies, Ethnocultural Voting? Youve probably heard readers make that comment. Does Descriptive Representation Facilitate Women's Distinctive Voice? The body is responsible for implementing and drafting . Pros of Reservation System in India The Reservation System in India traces its roots back to the pre-independence era, when it was introduced to put an end to social evils such as untouchability and caste system. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Something about the areas needed to clarify the distinctions. That structure makes it easier for extremist views to find official representation. Register or login to make commenting easier. Like Mink, many other women sought and won political office, many with the help of the NWPC. Stella M. Rouse is assistant professor of government and politics at University of MarylandCollege Park. Democratic political theory. Public opinion and the Australian aid budget, 2000-2013, Black Legislative Politics: Examining the Issue of Voting Rights in the Post- Hurricane Katrina Period, The Role of Race, Ethnicity, and Party on Atittudes towards Descriptive Representation, Issues and Candidates: Colorado Latino/a Vote Choices, Granting Local Voting Rights to Non-Citizens in Estonia and Latvia: The Conundrum of Minority Representation in Two Divided Democracies, Intersectionality, Quotas, and Minority Womens Political Representation Worldwide, Turkish Journal of Politics (TJP) Vol. Advantages of Descriptive Research. Como Hacer Suero De Leche Venezolano, One of the biggest advantages of descriptive research is that it allows you to analyze facts and helps you in developing an in-depth understanding of the research problem. This authentication occurs automatically, and it is not possible to sign out of an IP authenticated account. Rawls, J. New York: Routledge. Comparative state feminism. PubMedGoogle Scholar, Uni Research Rokkan Centre, Bergen, Norway, Centre for Womens and Gender Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Department of Comparative Politics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Department of Information Science and Media Studies, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Holst, C. (2016). 10 Anson Road,#11-20, International Plaza, Singapore-079903. In contexts of group mistrust and uncrystallized interests, the better communication and experiential Like all different types of research, descriptive research has both advantages and disadvantages. New York: Palgrave. Since feedback is a necessary component of first-class customer service and workforce optimization . The expansion of minority and female representation still continues at a slow pace. One of the benefits of descriptive representation is that the MEM representatives ethnicity and certain ethnic features of that representatives ethnicity can make MEM voters feel empowered.7 Such features can include physical appearance like skin colour and hair type. Instead, proper representation for some is rooted in the racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, gender, and sexual identity of the representatives themselves. Descriptive Representation and Intergroup Relations in Comparative Perspective. Quantitative Methodology. The representation of women in Australia: Meaning and make-believe. The classic example of this advantage is that critical sample can be useful in determining the value of an investigation, while the expert sampling approach allows for an in-depth analysis of the information that is present. The flexibility of purposive sampling allows researchers to . Annual Review of Political Science, 12, 5169. London: Palgrave Macmillan. The notions of women-centred/intersectional state feminism, state feminism with/without a welfare state and with/without democratization should be thought of in terms of Weberian ideal types. Politics & Gender, 1(4), 622637. ), Deliberative democracy and its discontents. Journal of European Social Policy, 19(1), 1933. Race itself was never something I viewed another, in the way women are portrayed in modern culture and society. Pros & Cons of Descriptive Research Varied. Your email address will not be published. Roemer, J. When it comes to confidentiality, some respondents won't give answers to questionnaires and interviews. Even though the movie broke some barriers, Disney and other film companies still have more progress to make to adequately represent their viewers. tees, and voters weigh the pros and cons of descriptive representation, this analysis argues for attention to the specific historical contexts that make descrip- Descriptive representation should be judged primarily on this criterion. The electoral advantage of the incumbents presents a stumbling block on the advancement of new groups into the institution. Creating a list that details both sides of the argument makes it easier to visualize the potential impact of your decision.
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